• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.37-48
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• 2015

Soil nutrient management is important to maintain the constant productivity of seedling production in the nursery for successful forest restoration. This study investigated the effects of organic manure and chemical fertilizer application levels on the growth, soil properties, and nutrient concentrations of yellow poplar seedlings. One-year-old yellow poplar seedlings were treated with the combination of 3 level organic manures(0, 5 Mg/ha, 10 Mg/ha; mixture of poultry manure, cattle manure, swine manure, and sawdust) and 3 level nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium(NPK) chemical fertilizers(0, 1x(urea, $30g/m^2$; fused superphosphate, $70g/m^2$; potassium chloride, $15g/m^2$), 2x). Organic manure significantly increased the soil pH and the concentrations of nitrogen, available phosphorous, exchangeable potassium, calcium, and magnesium. In contrast, the NPK chemical fertilizer decreased the soil pH and exchangeable calcium concentration, did not affect the soil concentrations of nitrogen and magnesium, and increased the concentrations of available phosphorous and exchangeable potassium. Both organic manure and NPK chemical fertilizer treatments increased the seedling height, root collar diameter, and dry weight by 39% and 25%, respectively. The treatment with manure 5 Mg/ha and NPK 2x chemical fertilizer mostly increased seedling dry weight by 2.6 times more than that of the control. Compared to the effects of the fertilization treatments on the soil properties, the effects on nutrient concentrations in the leaves were relatively small. These findings indicate that organic manure that was derived from livestock byproducts and sawdust can be utilized with chemical fertilizer to improve seedling production as well as conserving soil quality.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 2011

The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential of producing bioethanol from yellow poplar ($Liriodendron$ $tulipifera$) wood chips by oxalic acid pretreatment and to examine the pretreatment conditions by response surface methodology (RSM). Based on $2^3$ factorial design, adjusted variables were reaction temperature ($^{\circ}C$), residence time (min), and acid loading (g/g), and a series of distinct 15 experimental conditions was organized with duplication at central point (total 16 performances). After pretreatment, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) was subjected on solid fraction with yeast strain $Pichia$ $stipitis$. Maximum ethanol yields of the most samples were measured at 72 hours and applied to RSM as a dependent variable. 9.7 g/${\ell}$ of ethanol was produced from the solid pretreated at $180^{\circ}C$ for 40 min with 0.013 g/g of oxalic acid loading. According to the response surface methodology, it was determined that the temperature is the most governing factor via statistic analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.459-468
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• 2011

The main purpose of this study was to examine the influence of treatment amounts of Slurry Composting and Biofiltration liquid fertilizer (SCBLF) on biomass growth of Yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) and to compare bioethanol production from the harvested wood. Relative growth rate, biomass production and leaf characteristics were significantly enhanced by SCBLF treatment and medium treatment plot showed highest value. Nitrogen compounds and water content in SCBLF affected to increase chlorophyll contents which led improving biomass production (64.67%) and glucose contents (6.07%) than control. Organosolv and dilute acid pretreatments were preliminarily carried for bioethanol production, and the pretreatment processes were conducted at all the same solid to liquid ratio (1 : 10), reaction temperature ($150^{\circ}C$), preheating time (40 min) and residence time (10 min). The water insoluble solid recovery of Organosolv pretreatment with 1% sulfuric acid as a catalyst was the lowest and that of medium treatment plot was 44.81%. Exchangeable cations in SCBLF might be affected to increase pretreatment effect. The simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process was followed to determine the ethanol production of the pretreated biomass. The highest ethanol production yield based on initial weight was obtained from high treatment plotby Organosolv pretreatment with 1% sulfuric acid (16.11%). But regarding biomass production, medium treatment plot produced most, and bioethanol production was increased by 72.93% than control.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.578-584
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• 2009

We investigated acid hydrolysis characteristics of yellow poplar woodmeal with concentrated sulfuric acid for high concentration of monosaccharides production. Woodmeal to 72% sulfuric acid ratio (w/w), $2^{nd}$ hydrolysis temperature and time were main variables for finding optimum reaction condition. Optimum woodmeal to 72% sulfuric acid ratio was 1 : 2.61 (w/w) and $2^{nd}$ hydrolysis temperature and time was $105^{\circ}C$ and 40 min as 44.8 g/L of glucose and 25.2 g/L of xylose in hydrolysis solution. In this acid hydrolysis solution, furfural, 5-HMF, low molecular weight phenolic compounds were identified. Furfural and 5-HMF concentration were increased as increasing $2^{nd}$ hydrolysis time. More than 40 min of $2^{nd}$ hydrolysis at $110^{\circ}C$, xylose concentration was decreased but glucose concentration was leveled out because xylose to furfural reaction was faster than xylan to xylose, but cellulose to glucose reaction was similar rate with glucose to 5-HMF at that $2^{nd}$ hydrolysis reaction condition.

• Proceedings of the Korea Forestry Energy Research Society Conference
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.116-119
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• 2011

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.637-644
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• 2018

The air permeability of yellow poplar log cross section before and after organosolv pretreatment was investigated, and the moisture absorption of control and organosolv pretreated rectangular parallelepiped specimens was investigated in this study. It was revealed that the diameters of through pores were enlarged and the number of bigger pore was increased by the organosolv pretreatment. The air permeabilities of the cross sections of yellow poplar log were changed from 1.61 darcy to 23.30 darcy, but their weights were reduced by 5 percent. The equilibrium moisture content of control wood specimen at the exposed relative humidity were 5.9 % at 32 %, 9.7 % at 58 %, 14.8 % at 80.5 %, 19.7 % at 90 %, 25.7 % at 95 % and 29.9 % at 100%. The equilibrium moisture content of the specimens pretreated with the parameter of sulfuric acid catalyst of 0.5 % (w/w) were 19.5 % at 32 %, 29.3 % at 58 %, 39.6 % at 80.5 %, 59 % at 90 %, 111.3 % at 95 % and 111.3 % at 100 %, while those pretreated with the parameter of sulfuric acid catalyst of 1.0 % (w/w) were 17.4 % at 32 %, 23.9 % at 58 %, 27.7 % at 80.5 %, 40.6 % at 90 %, 68.8 % at 95 % and 110.0 % at 100 %. The moisture absorption of organosolv pretreated rectangular parallelepiped specimens was higher than that of control specimen.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.445-453
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• 2012

In this study the effects of particle size and water content on the yields and physical/chemical properties of pyrolytic products were investigated through fast-pyrolysis of yellow poplar. Water content was critical parameters influencing the properties of bio-oil. The yields of bio-oil were increased with decreasing water content. However, the yield of pyrolytic product was not clearly influenced by feedstock's particle size. The water content, pH and HHV (Higher Heating Value) of bio-oil were measured to 20~30%, 2.2~2.4 and 16.6~18.5MJ/kg, respectively. The water content of feedstock was clearly influenced to water content of bio-oil. In terms of bio-char, HHV of them were measured to 26.2~30.1 MJ/kg with high content of carbon over 80%.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.3
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• pp.307-316
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• 2007

Yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) has low germination rate relatively other species, so the seedling production of Yellow poplar is a hard task. Accordingly this study was conducted to determine the optimal germination conditions for healthy seedling production and to promote survival rate after afforestation. Gemination percentage was examined at different media and seed covering materials using planting flats in the greenhouse. The best germination percentage was observed in sand for media and compound soil for covering materials. But it was time to transplant, seedlings became a poor character (i.e. height, root length, number of root, dry weight) in sand for media. In order to produce healthy seedlings, each different medium was compounded with TKS-2 (this is a gardening bed soil.) in the ratio 1:1 (v/v.), and compared two conditions. Quality of seedling was better than not mixed TKS-2 into each medium. Transplanting seedlings from greenhouse to nursery grew up rapidly 2 months later (early in August~early in October). Growth amount during two months corresponded to 85.6% and 71.3% in total growth amount of height and diameter at root collar, respectively. In the case of the competition-density effect on yellow-poplar seedlings, direct seedling produced the maximum 35 standard seedlings above 8 mm of root collar diameter per $m^2$, while transplanting seedling produced the maximum 64 standard seedlings per $m^2$. And produced seedlings of two way were significantly different rootlet while axial root and lateral root was not significantly different.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.58-69
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• 2024

To evaluate the adhesive characteristics of mixed cross-laminated timber (CLT) using domestic softwoods structural lumber proposed by KS F 3020 and yellow poplar, penetration depth of adhesive and thickness of bonding line were analyzed based on the results of boiling water soaking delamination. 3 Types of adhesives and 2 types of major layer were divided into a 5 ply CLT using yellow popular as minor layer. The bonding performance of the mixed CLT as structural members was evaluated based on the KS F 2081. The thickness of bonding line between layers of the mixed CLT was measured with a scanning electron microscope, and the adhesive penetration depth in the layer members was measured with an optical microscope. As a result of boiling water soaking delamination test of mixed CLT, the CLT specimens using PRF and PUR adhesives met the requirements of KS F 2081. It was verified that the penetration path of the adhesive in the layes was mainly through the tracheid cell in the case of Japanese larch and Korean red pine layers, and through the vessel and radial tissue in yellow popular layers. The penetration depth of the adhesive was the highest for the PRF adhesive under the same pressing time conditions, and the thickness of the bonding line was in inverse proportion to the penetration depth in the case of the PUR adhesive.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.73-79
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• 2016

Hexeneuronic acid in soda-anthraquinone(AQ) pulps from Moso bamboo(Phyllostachys pubescebs), Timber bamboo(Phyllostachys bambusoides) and Henon bamboo(Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis) was investigated with mercuric chloride hydrolysis and UV spectroscopic quantification. Concentration of hexeneuronic acid in bamboo pulps was $36.6-45.4{\mu}mol/g$, which contributed to 3.1-3.9 value increase of kappa number. Lower concentration of 4-O-methylglucuronic acid in bamboo xylan contributed to lower hexeneruonic acid content in bamboo pulps than those of hardwood(yellow poplar or eucalyptus) but higher than softwood(red pine).