• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.43-61
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• 2013

This study examined the effects of Korean language levels and years of residence in Korea of marriage-immigrant mothers on their parenting behaviors. It also examined the mediating roles of parenting knowledge and acculturation patterns. To do this, this paper made use of data collected from 130 mothers participating in Multicultural Family Support Centers. The main findings are as follows. First, parenting knowledge did not mediate Korean language levels as well as years of residence in Korea and parenting behaviors. Second, years of residence in Korea indirectly affected parenting behaviors through the acculturation patterns of integration and assimilation but did not appear to do so directly. Third, Korean language levels did not have a linear relationship with acculturation. Fourth, higher Korean language levels were correlated with higher levels of overprotection of children.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.36-41
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• 2005

A convenience samples of Korean-Canadian/American adults who lived in Pacific coast areas, were studied in 2000. Total of 130 adults of 37 ($29\%$) from Vancouver, 45 ($35\%$) from San Jose and 47 ($36\%$) from Los Angeles were analyzed by length of residence, as the shorter residence group resided for less than 20 years and the longer residence group resided for 20 years or more. It was observed that the Korean-Canadians/Americans, who resided there for almost two decades, still kept Korean foods and food-patterns very strongly, even though parents' generation showed less acculturated food patterns than children's generation. In spite of those practices, they gave high values mostly on their dietary acculturation and on educating their children about diets. However the longer residence group showed slightly less positive acculturation attitudes than the shorter one. Therefore the longer abroad seemed to make immigrants more for their children to keep dietary traditions. It is recommended that length of residence should be considered when planning dietary foodservices at nursing care systems for Korean Canadians/Americans.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.109-122
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to find out the remodeling contents by the length of residence of remodeling the housing for 472 households living in small and medium-sized apartments in Pusan and Ulsan areas. The subjects of this survey have remodelled their housing 1.58 times during 4.57 years of residence in average. All of them had changes of finishing in living rooms, masters bedrooms, other bedrooms, kitchens and dining rooms and changes of facilities in kitchens, dining rooms, living rooms and bathrooms. The changes of structure and use age have been performed only by the limited numbers of households. Time of remodelling was mostly right after moving in and then about once in two or three years. But it differed according to the room of the housing and the types of remodelling.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Interior Design Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.174-177
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• 2003

The progress of urbanization has been accelerated by the development of machinery after the Industrial Revolution and the speed of change has been increased after the invention of computers. However, the problem of residence, the space for human life in the city, is still not complete. Ever since apartments rose as a solution for the residential problem caused by urbanization after the 1970s and now after 30 years, remodelling is preferred among the 2 choices, reconstruction and remodelling of apartments, in respect of economy and efficiency. Especially, in remodelling collective residence, construction, equipment environment, sight, etc. are considered and only after testing these various aspects can remodelling succeed. Aiming at studying the need of visual identity among many considerations in remodelling, this study investigates and analyzes the remodelling cases of domestic and overseas common residence and suggests the need of visual identity. In Korea where construction design for common residence is monotonous, expressing visual identity can be even more important. The common residence area that symbolizes its unique characteristic will elevate not only its economic value but also the psychological value of its residents.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.125-133
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• 2002

Water and salt budgets in the Yellow Sea and Bohai are analyzed based on the historical data and CTD data collected recently using box models. The amounts of volume transport and of water exchange across the boundary between the Yellow and East China Seas are estimated to be 2,330-2,840 $\textrm{km}^3$/yr and 109-133 $\textrm{km}^3$/yr, respectively, from the one-layer box model. Corresponding water residence time is 5-6 years. In the Bohai, water residence time is twice as long as that in the Yellow Sea, suggesting that the Yellow Sea and Bohai cannot be considered as a single system in the view of water and salt budgets. The results indicate that water and salt budgets in the Yellow Sea depend almost only on the water exchange between the Yellow and East China Seas. The computation with the coupled two-layer model shows that water residence time is slightly decreased to 4-5 years for the Yellow Sea. In order to reduce uncertainties for the budgeting results the amount of the discharge from the Changjiang that enters into the Yellow Sea, the vertical advection and vertical mixing fluxes across the layer interface have to be quantified. The decreasing trend of the annual Yellow River outflow is likely to result that water residence time is much longer than the current state, especially for the Bohai. The completion of the Three Gorges dam on the Changjiang may be change the water and salt budgets in the Yellow Sea. It is expected that cutting back the discharge from the Changjiang by 10% through the dam would increase water residence time by about 10%.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.219-231
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• 2009

Purpose: This study compared health behaviors between single-member and multiple-member households by gender in adults. Method: Study subjects were 21,757 adults 20-65-years-of-age from the Third Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2005. The relationship between health behaviors and residence characteristics was assessed using multiple logistic regression analysis while controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. Results: Younger women living alone were more likely to drink than older women living with others. Women who were in multiple-member households and had a low income were less likely to exercise regularly, to sleep well, and to have regular health examinations. Age, educational level, and income were significantly associated with smoking, exercise, and health examination rather than residence characteristics in men. Conclusion: Residence characteristics should be considered in developing a public health program to reduce or increase modifiable health behaviors as well as age, gender, education, and income.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.358-366
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was conducted to assess the nutritional status of female marriage immigrants attending Korean language class in Gwangju, Korea by analyzing daily food and nutrient intake. Methods: Eighty-three female immigrants completed a survey. Anthropometric measurements were obtained, and dietary food intake was assessed using a 1-day 24 hour recall method. Results: The average length of residence in Korea was 5.3 years, and mean age of subjects was 31.0 years old. The home countries of subjects were Vietnam (50.6%), China (24.1%), Philippines (13.3%), and others (12%). Due to the length of residence, there were significant differences in body weight (p < 0.05), BMI (p < 0.05), percent body fat (p < 0.05), and diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.05). The subjects who were 30~49 years old consumed more vegetables and less seaweed than the subjects who were 20~29 years old. The other kinds of consumed foods were similar among groups in different age groups or lengths of residence in Korea. Average energy intake of subjects was 1,641.0 Kcal. The group with less than 5 years of residence showed higher cholesterol intake than the group with 5 or more years of residence in Korea (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in nutrient intake between the groups of different age or length of residence. There was a positive association among dietary cholesterol intake and consumption of eggs, milk. and dairy products, and blood pressure. Conclusion: The study shows that length of residence affects rate of obesity and nutritional status. Further extensive research is needed to understand the effect of dietary changes and nutritional status of female marriage immigrants as well as for their successful adaptation to develop a more active and long-term nutrition education program.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.141-150
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• 2005

This Study investigated kindergarten parents' attitude, satisfaction and demand in the school meal service programs (SMSP). The subjects were 2450 parents that their child attended at kindergarten's SMSP from 16 provinces. To com-pared children's eating habits according to their parent age group and residence area, the percentage of regularly breakfast eating were lower in 'below 30 years old' group and large city residence than 'above 30 years old' group and middle and small city residence. And taking breakfast item was partially different pattern according parent age, 'below 30 years old' group and large city child ate more bread and milk as breakfast than Korean style breakfast with steamed rice and soup and side dish. In the prefer types of school meal service, most prefer types of meal service was fully meal service at kindergarten, $79.1\%$ subjects wanted this type. But 'below 30 years old' group's parent answered 'lunch box brings from home' ratio was higher than 'above 30 years old' group. Most parents accepted the present meal cost and $63.8\%$ of subjects was willing to pay more money to improve the quality of SMSP Twenty-six precent parents was responded that no improvement children's eating habit through SMSP. And they answered the key point of SMSP management was 'cooking sanitation'($65.1\%$) and 'nutrition' ($50.0\%$) and they answered the urgent improvement point at SMSP was 'Improvement taste and quality of meal' ($62.6\%$). Kindergarten parents' attitude about catering service as SMSP as not to prefer, but $10.4\%$ of subjects answered that catering service is ideal meal service type in kindergarten and they expected the advantage of catering service was 'convenience of foodservice'($40.7\%$) and 'support foodservice facilities and labor'($32.4\%$) and they also pointed out disadvantage was 'lower in meal freshness'($53.9\%$) and 'sanitation Problem'($51.9\%$).

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.181-189
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• 2019

Background: Edentulism is associated with socioeconomic status, rural residence, and chronic disease, but no studies have investigated edentulism and residence factors together. All information that drives a better understanding of the factors related to edentulism plays an important role in the planning and delivery of appropriate dental services for the elderly by national and oral health professionals. This study was designed to investigate the prevalence of edentulism in adults aged over 60 years in Korea and to examine whether there are differences in dentate status between people living in urban and rural areas after controlling for sociodemographic and other related factors. Methods: The data for this study were collected from 2013 to 2015 as part of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VI, those individuals aged over 60 years and who had complete datasets were included (5,071). The number of teeth and residence status were categorized into two groups: edentate and dentate (1 or more); urban and rural. Multiple multivariate logistic regression analyses were sequentially applied to assess the association between dentate status and residence status after adjusting for potential confounders. Results: Rural areas, lower household income, and lower education levels were associated with a higher edentate rate. The number of teeth was lower in rural areas than in urban areas. After adjusting for various factors, statistically significant associations were present for women, low household income, low education level, poor perceived health status, and alcohol consumption in participants. Conclusion: Elders living in rural areas had poorer oral health than elders living in urban areas. The government will need to provide effective systems for promoting oral health for elders living in rural areas.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.349-361
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• 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the dietary adaptation and use of the university foodservice (UF) in Korea according to the residence period of foreign students. The average length of residence in Korea of t he subjects was 8.2 months. The period of residence was divided into quartiles: 1-4 months in the first quartile (average 2.2 months), 5-7 months in the second quartile (average 6.3 months), 8 months in the third quartile, and 9-66 months in the fourth quartile (average 18.3 months). The regularity of meals tended to be the highest in the 1st quartile and lowest in the 2nd quartile and then increased in the 3rd and 4th quartiles. The frequency of consumption of delivery food and convenience store food was lowest in the first quartile and highest in the second quartile and then decreased with the period of residence. The frequency of night eating increased according to the period of residence after the second quartile. The degree of adaptation to Korean foods was highest in the first quartile. The use of the university cafeteria was significantly higher in the 1st and 4th quartiles than in the 2nd and 3rd quartiles (p<0.05, p<0.01, respectively). The satisfaction with the UF decreased as the residence period increased. Based on these results, since international students are very positive and try to adapt to the dietary life in Korea in their early years of studying in Korea, it would be desirable to intensively support them to adjust to their dietary life at this time. In addition, since it takes about 18 months or more to assimilate the Korean food culture and show positive changes, it is necessary to continuously operate the Korean food culture adaptation program for international students over this period.