• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.225-228
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• 2011

This study evaluated the mineral crystalline structure of an autogenous tooth bone graft material. The crystalline structures of the autogenous tooth bone graft material enamel (AutoBT E+), dentin (AutoBT D+), xenograft (BioOss), alloplastic material (MBCP), allograft (ICB) and autogenous mandibular cortical bone were compared using XRD. The XRD pattern of AutoBT dentin and ICB was similar to that of autogenous bone.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2013년도 제44회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.455-455
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• 2013

$CeO_2$ nanorings were synthesized by using a surfactant free hydrothermal method. The surface morphology, structural and optical properties of the synthesized $CeO_2$ was investigated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy measurements. SEM images showed that the surface morphology of the formed $CeO_2$ appeared as nanorings. The XRD pattern of $CeO_2$ nanorings showed the presence of the polycrystalline $CeO_2$ phase readily indexed to the cubic fluorite structure of the $CeO_2$. The mean crystallite size of the $CeO_2$ was calculated using the Scherrer equation from the XRD line broadening of the (111) planes of the cubic $CeO_2$. The UV-Visible spectroscopy spectrum of the $CeO_2$ nanorings exhibited a strong UV absorption band around 350 nm.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.97-103
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• 2014

Phase transition properties of the copolymer films of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and trifluoroethylene(TrFE), P(VDF-TrFE), were studied with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and polarization modulated ellipsometry (PME). XRD studies on both Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films and spin coated films exhibit conversions from ferroelectric phase to paraelectric phase at $108{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ on heating and paraelectric phase to ferroelectric phase at $78{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ on cooling. The presence of the ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition is also confirmed by the PME technique for the first time in this study. PME was proved to be a very sensitive tool in the measurement of the structural changes at the nano-thickness films.

• Carbon letters
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.113-117
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• 2004

The mesophase pitch was prepared by adding 1~10 wt% of the borane-pyridine complex (BPC) to decant oil. It was prepared in a reactor held at $450^{\circ}C$ for 2 h in $N_2$ atmosphere. The mesophase pitches were analyzed using thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), melting point apparatus, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and polarized optical microscope. The coke yield, softening point, toluene insoluble, density and content of anisotropy in the mesophase pitches were increased with BPC contents. The XRD profiles did not show any effect of addition of BPC on the formation of mesophase pitch, while the crystallinity of mesophase pitches was increased when the materials were heat treated with boron compound.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.121-128
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• 1998

The degradation of mechanical properties in the high nitrogen steel HN3 developed for nuclear fusion reactor has been evaluated quantitatively using the small punch(SP) test, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis has also been conducted to identify carbides or nitrides precipitated on grain boundaries of the heat treated samples. Mechanical properties of the steel HN3 significantly decreased with increasing heat treatment time and temperature or with decreasing testing temperature. Combination of XRD and metallurgical observation, revealed that the material degradation in the thermally aged steel was caused by precipitation of carbides on the grain boundaries. While the weld metal showed the lowest mechanical properties among various microstructures in GTA weldments. By combining SP test and XRD analysis, cryogenic fracture behaviors and aging degradation for high nitrogen steel could be successfully evaluated in nondestructive manner.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.333-340
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• 2006

A (5 wt.%)Mn-(1 wt.%)$V_{2}O_{5}/TiO_{2}$ catalyst were prepared by co-precipitation method and used for low-temperature selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of $NO_x$ with ammonia in the presence of oxygen. The properties of the catalysts were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature programmed reduction (TPR) and scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The experimental results showed that (5 wt.%)Mn-(1 wt.%)$V_{2}O_{5}/TiO_{2}$ catalyst yielded 81% NO conversion at temperature as low as $150^{\circ}C$ and a space velocity of $2,400\;h^{-1}$. Crystalline phase of $Mn_{2}O_3$ was present at ${\ge}\;15%$ Mn on $V_{2}O_{5}/TiO_{2}$. XRD confirmed the presence of manganese oxide ($Mn_{2}O_{3}$) at $2{\theta}=32.978^{\circ}(222)$. The XRD patterns presented of (5 wt.%)Mn-(1 wt.%)$V_{2}O_{5}/TiO_{2}$ did not show intense or sharp peaks for manganese oxides and vanadia oxides. The TPR profiles of (5 wt.%)Mn-(1 wt.%)$V_{2}O_{5}/TiO_{2}$ catalyst showed main reduction peat of a maximum at $595^{\circ}C$.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.87-92
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• 2018

Objectives: The aim of the study was to analyze the constituents of Pyrolusitum, which was used to eliminate static blood and inflammation, to establish the basis of clinical application. Methods: Qualitative analysis was performed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) using the sample as a powder, and the elemental content of granular sample was measured by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). 1 M hydrochloric acid and 5% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution were added to observe the changing shape, respectively. Results: Qualitative analysis by XRD revealed that the Pyrolusitum samples used in the study contained quarts and kaolinite. Quantitative analysis by XRF revealed that the manganese content in the samples used in the study was 6.16% on average, while iron was contained the highest amount of 22.99%. The minor constituents include 1.08% of titanium, 0.30% of barium, 0.18% of lead, 0.06% of zirconium, 0.05% of chromium, 0.04% of zinc, 0.03% of cadnium, 0.02% of nickel, 0.01% of arsenic, 0.01% of copper, 0.01% of rubidium, 0.01% of strontium, 0.00% of molybdenum, respectively. And cobalt, which is reported to be a constituent of Pyrolusitum, was not detected at all in the samples of the study. Pyrolusitum was dissolved in dark brown when it was put into 1 M hydrochlorid acid, and there was brown precipitate when sodium hydroxide solution was added to Pyrolusitum and stirred. Conclusions: It was found that manganese and iron were the major constituents of Pyrolusitum, and it could be identified by using concentrated hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solution.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제21권10호
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• pp.563-567
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• 2011

We report the structural characterization of $Bi_xZn_{1-x}O$ thin films grown on c-plane sapphire substrates by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. By increasing the Bi flux during the growth process, $Bi_xZn_{1-x}O$ thin films with various Bi contents (x = 0~13.17 atomic %) were prepared. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements revealed the formation of Bi-oxide phase in (Bi)ZnO after increasing the Bi content. However, it was impossible to determine whether the formed Bi-oxide phase was the monoclinic structure ${\alpha}-Bi_2O_3$ or the tetragonal structure ${\beta}-Bi_2O_3$ by means of XRD ${\theta}-2{\theta}$ measurements, as the observed diffraction peaks of the $2{\theta}$ value at ~28 were very close to reflection of the (012) plane for the monoclinic structure ${\alpha}-Bi_2O_3$ at 28.064 and the reflection of the (201) plane for the tetragonal structure ${\beta}-Bi_2O_3$ at 27.946. By means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using a diffraction pattern analysis and a high-resolution lattice image, it was finally determined as the monoclinic structure ${\alpha}-Bi_2O_3$ phase. To investigate the distribution of the Bi and Bi-oxide phases in BiZnO films, elemental mapping using energy dispersive spectroscopy equipped with TEM was performed. Considering both the XRD and the elemental mapping results, it was concluded that hexagonal-structure wurtzite $Bi_xZn_{1-x}O$ thin films were grown at a low Bi content (x = ~2.37 atomic %) without the formation of ${\alpha}-Bi_2O_3$. However, the increased Bi content (x = 4.63~13.17 atomic %) resulted in the formation of the ${\alpha}-Bi_2O_3$ phase in the wurtzite (Bi)ZnO matrix.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.223-227
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• 2007

The effect of Eu contents on the ferroelectric properties of $Bi_{4-x}Eu_xTi_3 O_{12}$ (BET) thin films has been investigated. Bismuth Europium titanate thin films with a Eu contents were prepared on the $Pt/Ti/SiO_2/Si$ substrate by metal-organic decomposition technique. The structure and the morphology of the films were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning microscopy (FE-SEM), respectively. From the XRD analysis, it was found that BET thin films have polycrystalline structure, and the layered-perovskite phase is obtained when the Eu contents exceeds 0.2 (x > 0.2). Also, the ferroelectric characteristics of the BET thin films were found to be dependent on the Eu content. Particularly, the BET films doped with x = 0.75 show better ferroelectric properties (remanent polarization 2Pr = 60.99 C/$cm^2$ and only a little polarization fatigue up to $3.5{\times}10^9$ bipolar switching cycling) than those doped with other Eu contents.

• 한국자기학회지
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.350-356
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• 1998

Sol-gel법을 이용하여 합성한 자성 garnet Y3-xLaxFe5O12(x=0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0) 분말과 박막의 결정 및 자기적 성질에 관하여 X-선 회절기, atomic force microscopy(AFM), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), 진동시료자화기 (VSM)와 Mossbauer 부노강기를 이용하여 연구하엿다. X-선 회절분석 결과와 Mossbauerqnsrhkd 실험으로부터 100$0^{\circ}C$에서 열처리한 x=0.75 이하의 Y3-xLaxFe5O12 분말의 경우 모두 순수한 cubic의 garnet 구조가 형성되었음을 확인 할 수 있었으나, x=1.0인 경우는 LaFeO3상이 함께 관측되었다. Garnet 박막의 성장을 위하여 75$0^{\circ}C$에서 2시간의 열처리로 결정화를 이루었으며, 성장한 박막은 특정한 방향성 없이 성장하였음을 알 수 있었다. Mossbauer 분광기를 이용하여 측정한 결과는 산화물을 통하여 제조한 garnet 분말의 Mossbauer spectrumthk 일치함을 알 수 있었다. 전자 현미경의 측정을 통한 분말의 입자크기는 200~300nm이며, AFM의 측정으로부터 박막의 평균 표면 거칠기가 3.17nm임을 알 수 있었다. 진동시료자화기를 이용하여 측정한 garnet 분말과 박막의 자기적 특성은 전형적인 연자성의 자기적 속성을 가지며, garnet 분말의 경우 최대 포화자화 (30 emu/g)와 최소 보자력 (52 Oe)을 가짐을 알 수 있엇다. 80$0^{\circ}C$에서 열처리한 순수한 garnet 박막시료의 경우 수직 및 수평방향으로 측정한 자화곡선은 수직방향으로 측정한 자화곡선이 낮은 포화자화를 가지며 보자력은 양방향 모두 37 Oe를 나타냈다.