• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.106-112
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• 2012

Background : Complicated diabetic patients show impaired, delayed wound healing caused by multiple factors. A study on wound healing showed that platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was effective in normal tissue regeneration. Nonetheless, there is no evidence that when platelet-rich plasma is applied to diabetic wounds, it normalizes the diabetic wound healing process. In this study, we have analyzed matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9 expression to investigate the effect of PRP on diabetic wounds. Methods : Twenty-four-week-old male Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats were provided by the Tokushima Research Institute. At 50 weeks, wounds were arranged in two sites on the lateral paraspinal areas. Each wound was treated with PRP gel and physiologic saline gauze. To determine the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, which was chosen as a marker of wound healing, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed and local distribution and expression of MMP-2, MMP-9 was also observed throughout the immunohistochemical staining. Results : RT-PCR and the immunohistochemical study showed that the levels of MMP-2, MMP-9 mRNA expression in PRP applied tissues were higher than MMP-2, MMP-9 mRNA expression in saline-applied tissues. MMP-9 mRNA expression in wounds of diabetic rats decreased after healing began to occur. But no statistical differences were detected on the basis of body weight or fasting blood glucose levels. Conclusions : This study could indicate the extracellular matrix-regulating effect observed with PRP. Our results of the acceleration of wound healing events by PRP under hyperglycemic conditions might be a useful clue for future clinical treatment for diabetic wounds.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.167-172
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• 2012

Minerals from marine materials such as deep ocean water and Dead Sea water have been used since ancient times. We made a mask pack sheet including deep ocean water and salt from the Dead Sea and evaluated the function of the mask pack sheet through animal study. Three full-thickness skin defects were made on the backs of Sprague-Dawley rats. The wounds were left untreated in group Con, and mask pack sheets including deep ocean water or deep ocean water and Dead Sea water were used as treatment for 20 min on the skin of animals in groups DP and DDP, respectively. We analyzed the gross, histological and biochemical findings. Groups DDP and DP showed decreases in wound size, as compared to group Con at 7 days after wound infliction. The histological findings revealed that wound healing had progressed further in groups DP and DDP than in group Con, with more rapid collagen deposition and regression of neutrophils. Also, the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor ${\beta}1$ were increased in groups DDP and DP compared with those in group Con at 3 days after wound infliction. Mask sheet packs including deep ocean water and Dead Sea salt affected wound healing by reducing the inflammatory phase and stimulated wound contracture by facilitating the deposition of collagen.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.63-70
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• 2013

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the wound healing effect of primary cultured oral mucosal keratinocytes (OMKs) and to assess their roles in skin wounds. Materials and Methods: OMK labeled with BromodeoxyUridine were scattered onto $1.5{\times}1.5$ cm skin defects of adult female nude mice (OMK group, n=15). For the control, culture media were placed on the wound (control group, n=15). Mice in both groups were sacrificed at three days (n=5), one week (n=5), and two weeks (n=5), and histomorphometric and immunoblot analyses with keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-$1{\alpha}$ antibody were performed for the biopsied wound specimen. To verify the effect of the cytokine, rhIL-$1{\alpha}$ was applied instead of OMK transplantation, and the OMK and control groups were compared with regard to re-epithelialization. Results: Histomorphometric analyses demonstrated faster re-epithelialization in the graft group than in the control group at the third day, first week, and second week. Newly forming epithelium showed maintenance of the histological character of the skin epithelium. The graft group showed superior expression of KGF, IL-6, and IL-$1{\alpha}$ protein, compared with the control group. Similar faster re-epithelialization was observed after treatment with rhIL-$1{\alpha}$ instead of OMK transplantation. Conclusion: We successfully confirmed that the graft of primary cultured OMKs promoted regeneration of skin defects. The mechanism of accelerated wound healing by primary cultured OMKs was attributed to inducement of cytokine expression as required for re-epithelialization.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.378-383
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• 2017

Background This study aimed to assess the effects of the topical application of tamoxifen on wound healing of burned skin in Wistar rats by evaluating 3 healing characteristics: fibrotic tissue thickness (FTT), scar surface area (SSA), and angiogenesis in the healed scar tissue. Methods Eighteen male Wistar rats were used in this study. A third-degree burn wound was made on the shaved animals' back, measuring $2{\times}2{\times}2cm$. In the first group, a 2% tamoxifen ointment was applied to the wound twice daily for 8 weeks. The second group received a placebo ointment during the same period. The third group did not receive any treatment and served as the control group. Results The median (interquartile range=[Q1, Q3]) FTT was 1.35 (1.15, 1.62) mm, 1.00 (0.95, 1.02) mm, and 1.25 (0.8, 1.5) mm in the control, tamoxifen, and placebo groups, respectively (P=0.069). However, the FTT in the tamoxifen group was less than in the placebo and control groups. The median angiogenesis was 3.5 (3.00, 6.25), 8.00 (6.75, 9.25), and 7.00 (5.50, 8.25) vessels per high-power field for the control, tamoxifen, and placebo groups, respectively (P=0.067). However, the median angiogenesis was higher in the tamoxifen group than in the control group. No significant difference was observed in the mean SSA between the tamoxifen group and the control group (P=0.990). Conclusions Local application of tamoxifen increased angiogenesis and decreased the FTT, with no change in the SSA in burned skin areas. These effects are expected to expedite the wound healing process, reducing contracture and preventing hypertrophic scar and keloid formation.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.314-318
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• 2007

Purpose: Pressure sore wound develops inevitably in long-term, immobilized and hospitalized patients. Sore wound infection is common problem and makes healing process difficult. We aimed to identify the pathogens of the purulent discharge in sore wound and to obtain information for appropriate antibiotics through a sensitivity test Methods: The bacteriologic study was made on 120 cases of patients who admitted or visited our hospital from 2004 January to 2005 December for sore wound treatment. Culture material was collected in BBL transport media with cotton swab and cultured by MacConkey agar plate. The method of MIC by VITEK and Microscan was used for sensitivity test. Results: Among 120 specimens, organisms were isolated from 77(64.2%) cases. Gram positive organisms were cultured in 73 specimens, Gram negative organisms in 46 specemens, and fungi in 2 specimens. Mixed infection by Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria were observed in 34 specimens. Among them, S. aureus was the most common isolate in 24(31.2%) patients and 10 (13.0%) S. Aureus isolates were MRSA. The most prevalent Gram-negative organism was Escherichia coli in 20 patients(25.9%). Vancomycin and teicoplanin showed highest sensitivity to Gram-positive organisms and imipenem and amikacin to Gram-negative organisms. Conclusion: Pressure sore wound demands consideration of multimodal therapeutic aspects and these findings would be useful informations to physicians, nurses and clinical assistants in understanding the nature of sore wound and selecting appropriate antibiotics.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.71-74
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• 2010

Purpose: Nowadays spinal cord stimulator is frequently used for the patients diagnosed as complex regional pain syndrome. The lead is placed above the spinal cord and connected to the stimulation generator, which is mostly placed in the subcutaneous layer of the abdomen. When the complication occurs in the generator inserted site, such as infection or generator exposure, replacement of the new generator to another site or pocket of the abdomen would be the classical choice. The objective of our study is to present our experience of the effective replacement of the existing stimulation generator from subcutaneous layer to another layer in same site after the wound infection at inexpensive cost and avoidance of new scar formation. Methods: A 50-year-old man who was diagnosed as complex regional pain syndrome after traffic accident received spinal cord stimulator, Synergy$^{(R)}$ (Medtronic, Minneapolis, USA) insertion 1 month ago by anesthetist. The patient was referred to our department for wound infection management. The patient was presented with erythema, swelling, thick discharge and wound disruption in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. After surgical debridement of the capsule, the existing generator replacement beneath the anterior layer of rectus sheath was performed after sterilization by alcohol. Results: Patient's postoperative course was uneventful without any complication and had no evidence of infection for 3 months follow-up period. Conclusion: Replacement of existing spinal cord stimulation generator after sterilization between the anterior layer of rectus sheath and rectus abdominis muscle in the abdomen will be an alternative treatment in wound infection of stimulator generator.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.28-35
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• 2013

Background If a chronically infected abdominal wound develops, complications such as peritonitis and an abdominal wall defect could occur. This could prolong the patient's hospital stay and increase the possibility of re-operation or another infection as well. For this reason, a solution for infection control is necessary. In this study, surgery using a rectus abdominis muscle myofascial splitting flap was performed on an abdominal wall defect. Methods From 2009 to 2012, 5 patients who underwent surgery due to ovarian rupture, cesarean section, or uterine myoma were chosen. In each case, during the first week after operation, the wound showed signs of infection. Surgery was chosen because the wounds did not resolve with dressing. Debridement was performed along the previous operation wound and dissection of the skin was performed to separate the skin and subcutaneous tissue from the attenuated rectus muscle and Scarpa's fascial layers. Once the anterior rectus sheath and muscle were adequately mobilized, the fascia and muscle flap were advanced medially so that the skin defect could be covered for reconstruction. Results Upon 3-week follow-up after a rectus abdominis myofascial splitting flap operation, no major complication occurred. In addition, all of the patients showed satisfaction in terms of function and esthetics at 3 to 6 months post-surgery. Conclusions Using a rectus abdominis myofascial splitting flap has many esthetic and functional benefits over previous methods of abdominal defect treatment, and notably, it enabled infection control by reconstruction using muscle.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.484-489
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• 2010

Allergic contact or wound induced dermatitis are common environmental health issue and seriously affect the patient's quality of life. In now, people are interested in the korean herbal bathing that get better the skin conditions. This study was performed to investigate the effect of korean herbal bathing candidates extract on allergic contact or wound induced dermatitis. ICR mice were divided into four groups: naive, control, experimental group A and B. Control and experimental groups induced allergic contact or wound induced dermatitis by DNFB and TMA. Since then, each experimental group was pasted with corresponding korean herbal bathing extract into the skin. All groups were observed after 5 days. When the korean herbal bathing extract was applied, arbitrary skin wound index and epidermal thickness were significantly decreased compared to that of control. These data suggest that these korean herbal bathing candidates may be an effective therapeutic supplements for the treatment of skin.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2008

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigative the effects of Gagambojungikgi-tang (GBT), a Korean herbal medicine, on the immune mediators, T cell proliferation and wound healing in the recombinant Sj26 (rSj26) antigen induced atopic dermatitis(AD) model mice. Methods : GBT is the water extracts prepared from mixture of Ginseng Radix, Astragali Radix, Angelicae gigantis Radix, Atractylodes Rhizoma alba, Aurantii nobilis Pericarpium, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Artemisia iwayomogi Herba, Scutellaria Radix, Lonicera japonica Flos. This is a modified prescription of Bojungikgi-tang, which has been used for the treatment of indigestion, and immunological disease in east-asian countries. GBT was orally administered or externally applied at difference doses. The levels of immune mediators [(IgE, IgG1, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Th1/Th2 cytokines], T cell proliferation, and wound healing in the rSj26 or chemical antigen induced AD model BALB/c were investigated. Results : GBT dose-dependently suppressed the release of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$ (Th1 cytokines), IL-4, IL-10 (Th2 cytokines), PGE2 (inflammatory mediators) and T cell proliferation. But GBT increased the production of IFN-${\gamma}$ (Th1 cytokine). Furthermore, A wound healing effect of GBT was similar to external application of dexamethasone. Conclusions : These results suggest that GBT suppresses the inflammatory mediators and regulates the Thl/Th2 cytokines, and promotes the wound healing. Therefore, these properties may contribute to the strong anti-AD effect of GBT.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.524-531
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• 2018

Background: Fermented black ginseng (FBG) is produced through several cycles of steam treatment of raw ginseng, at which point its color turns black. During this process, the original ginsenoside components of raw ginseng (e.g., Re, Rg1, Rb1, Rc, and Rb2) are altered, and less-polar ginsenosides are generated (e.g., Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, and Rh4). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of FBG on wound healing. Methods: The effects of FBG on tube formation and on scratch wound healing were measured using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and HaCaT cells, respectively. Protein phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase was evaluated via Western blotting. Finally, the wound-healing effects of FBG were assessed using an experimental cutaneous wounds model in mice. Results and Conclusion: The results showed that FBG enhanced the tube formation in HUVECs and migration in HaCaT cells. Western blot analysis revealed that FBG stimulated the phosphorylation of p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase in HaCaT cells. Moreover, mice treated with $25{\mu}g/mL$ of FBG exhibited faster wound closure than the control mice did in the experimental cutaneous wounds model in mice.