• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2010

This was conducted to investigate the dietary assessment, food preferences, snack intake, priority order in food purchase, and knowledge of diet of full-time housewives and working housewives through the use of a questionnaire. The participants (127 working housewives and 86 housewives) were selected at random from Seoul and its vicinity. The predominant job reported by working housewives was saleswomen and specialized job (20.7%). The average monthly income of both housewives and working housewives ranged from 3,000,000 to 5,000,000 won. Forty percent of housewives consumed more meat, fish, eggs, beans, and tofu, while 50.0% of housewives ate vegetables other than kimchi at every meal, 51.2% of housewives consumed one serving of fruit and one cup of fruit juice, 45.3% of housewives consumed three regular meals, and 60.5% of housewives consumed a balanced diet when compared with working housewives (p<0.05). Working housewives consumed beverages, ice cream, milk, and dairy products, while housewives consumed breads, sweet potato, potato, and fruit as snacks. The preference that most often led to food selection was flavor among working housewives (67.7%) and housewives (64.0%). Both working housewives and housewives always confirmed the day of food production. Generally, housewives were more interested in learning about food, creating a dietary plan, nutrient loss during cooking and reducing waste food when compared with working housewives. Housewives appeared to have better dietary assessment and knowledge than working housewives. Accordingly, it is advisable to prepare more systemic education programs for working housewives.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.69-79
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• 1995

This study analyzed the relationship between stressful life events and state of mental health among middle class non working housewives and working housewives (104 pair) by age from June 5 to June 19, 1995 in seoul. The results of this study are as follows. 1. The degree of stressful life events was not statistically significant, but the degree working housewives group (Mean 1. 448) was higher than that of non-working housewives group (Mean 1.509). 2. The state of mental health showed statistically significant (p<. 01) the degree of non-working housewives group (Mean 7.36) was higher than that of working housewives (Mean 5.52). 3. The correlation between stressful life events and state of mental health showed natural in both non-Working housewives group (r=.497, p<.001) and working housewives (r=.532. p<.000), so increased stress is related to lower mental health. 4. The degree of stressful life events based on social psychological factor, showed statistically significant (p<.05) in the feeling of life, and the state of mental health was statistically significant in the part of feeling of life (p<.05) and subjective health state (p=.000)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.285-295
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to compare the awareness of dietary patterns and health of full-time and employed housewives. The investigation gathered information on general characteristics, dietary lifestyle, nutritional status, and health by questionnaire as well as anthropometric measurements. The subjects included housewives living in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province (86 full-time and 127 working housewives) during November 2009 to January 2010. The average age, height, and weight of the housewives were $45.8{\pm}7.6\;yr$, $161.0{\pm}8.4\;cm$, and $55.7{\pm}6.3\;kg$, respectively. The average monthly income of the households was 3 million to 5 million won (31.4% full-time and 37.0% working housewives), and their average food expense was 200,000 to 500,000 won (46.5% full-time and 48.1% working housewives). More than 90% of the studied homes were nuclear families and the most common number of children was 2 to 3 (79.1% full-time and 76.4% working housewives). The ratio of employed housewives who ate regular meals was 35.4%, but that of the full-time housewives was 48.2% (p<0.05). Of the working housewives, 7.1% never ate breakfast and the primary reason for skipping breakfast was 'busy in the morning' (61.1%). The type of food that the housewives preferred when eating out was Korean food, both for the full-time and employed housewives (76.0%). All the housewives overate calories and the full-time housewives ate more protein, fat, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, niacin, vitamin C, vitamin E, folic acid, and cholesterol than the employed housewives (p<0.05). Both the full-time and employed housewives were more satisfied with supper than with other meals. About 30.6% of the full-time and 33.9% of the working housewives had no interest in health, but answered that regular exercise was very important for health (33.3% full-time and 39.7% working housewives). In conclusion, working housewives have poor dietary habits and nutrient intakes, thus substantial measures to improve these problems are urgently needed.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.610-619
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• 2008

In order to investigate if the employment of housewives may affect the nutritional status of their family members, an analysis was made for the data of 2001 Korea National Health and Nutrition survey. Housewives aged 20 or over were divided into two groups of the working (W, 44.3%) and the non-working (NW, 55.7%), and household income levels were divided into 4 groups of low, middle, high, and high above according to the minimum cost of living in the year of 2001. Nutrient intakes were assessed by using dietary recommended intakes for Koreans of 2005. Working housewives showed similar levels to those of non-working housewives in most nutrients intakes except energy and vitamin C. However their families excluding housewives of W, than those of NW, took less protein, calcium, iron, potassium, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin C when assessed as % of recommended intakes and took more sodium. Such differences were very strong in children and adolescents, and in the middle income households. More % of the families of W than those of NW consumed nutrients below the estimated average requirements. Percents of hypertension classified by both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were higher in adult family members of W than in those of NW. This tendency seemed to be more significant in the family members aged 30 to 49. Both obesity and under-weight rates of school children ($7{\sim}12\;yrs$) in W were higher than those in NW. The above resuIts suggested that employment of housewives could have negative influences on the nutritional status of their family members, especially of their children and in the middle income class.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.173-185
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• 1996

The purpose of this study were to understand the types of preferences to housewives' employment of husbands and wives, and to explore the differences in the personal, the family, and the job-related variables regarding such types of preferences. For this study, the employed housewives with children aged under 10 year were surveyed. The results of this study were as follow; 1) Types of perferences to housewives' employment of husbands were smaller compared to wives'. This may mean that husbands' traditional values related to child rearing and education, and housework influenced on their preferences to wives' employment. 2) There were significant differences in the types of preferences to housewives' employment regarding the types of wives' occupation. Wives working in the white color jobs were prefered themselves' employment more than wives working in the blue color jobs. 3) The group that both wives and husbands prefere housewives' employment was more positively perceived the effects of women's employment on both wives themselves and their children. Also such couples were satisfied more than and felt family-job strain less than other groups.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.71-91
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• 2011

This qualitative case study examines how mid-life housewives perceive age, react to aging, and experience the changing of their appearance that comes with age. The participants of this study were eight housewives four full-time housewives and four working housewives in middle adulthood. This study was conducted through in-depth interviews that were based on an unstructured questionnaire, and the data was collected from January 2010 to October 2010. Findings are as follows: during mid-life, housewives continue to exert efforts toward self-development, and toward self-actualization that can unleash the potential of their "multi-self". The housewives of the Entering Middle Adulthood self-actualization period believe that the material self as manifested in appearance is the most important component of the multi-self. Indeed, both groups of housewives thought a great deal about the criterion of appearance for their age and were concerned about others' viewpoints, social stereotypes, the appearance "norm," and other characteristics related to appearance. The full-time housewives made efforts to improve their social selves, and the working housewives tried to enhance their spiritual selves. The viewpoints of husbands are often internalized into housewives' internal points of view; therefore the relationships of housewives with their husbands were crucial both to the confidence the women felt in their appearance, and to their satisfaction in life.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.109-120
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of role stress perceived by employed housewives working in sales departments, and further, to devise coping strategies that can help reduce stress resulting from their multiple roles The sample of this study consisted of married women who were working in sales departments, who have at least one child, and who live in the greater Seoul metropolitan area. A total of 343 out of 450 originally distributed questionnaires were used for the analysis in this study. The findings of the study are: 1 The housewives in sales departments felt stress most severely in their role as a mother. Next were the roles as a wife, housewife, daughter, daughter-in-law, and working woman, in that order. 2. It appeared that age and the motive for employment affected the overall level of role stress among housewives. The two variables (age and the motive for employment) explained about 23% of the variance. The younger they were the higher was the level of role stress. Also, if they were working for an economic reason (to support the family), they tended to be more stressed out. The results of this study could be utilized as baseline data for policy-making, consultation, and development of educational programs for housewives working in sales departments, an area that has hardly been explored.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.49-66
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• 1996

The purpose of this study is to identify how the households invest in their children as a human capital. In addition, contributing factors to households' human capital investment was examined. The results of this study are as follows; First, Average number of children 2 children of surveyed housewives, full time housewives had more time spent for children than working counterparts. The former spent 6.8 hours a day with the latter 4.98 hour a day while both of them shared the most time in nonphysical care of their children. meanwhile, money paid for children was that full time housewife family spent 1,014,000 and a working housewife family paid 974,000. Second, In the full time housewives, total amount of time housewives spend for their children was greatly influenced by the income, the age of the youngest child, and emotional value. The housewives' educational level, life cycle, and an income were a significant impact on money investment. Total investment was influenced by the housewives' educational level, life cycle, income, and the number of children.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.45-65
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to investigate the participation in social activities by full-time housewives with infants and preschool children. The data in this study comes from a 1 percent free sample of the 2010 Population and Housing Census collected by Statistics Korea. The statistical methods for this study were percentage, chi-square test, and logistic regression analysis. The findings are as follows. First, there are differences in participation in social activities according to number of infants, number of preschool children, and number of elementary schoolchildren. Second, there was the difference in participation in social activities between full-time housewives and full-time wives' husbands. Third, factors like full-time housewives' age, educational level, number of preschool children and elementary schoolchildren, number of rooms, and occupancy status affected participation in social activities by full-time housewives. These results show that full-time housewives were under pressure in relation to participation in social activities because of their caregiving labor but participated in religious and educational activities actively.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.375-389
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• 2013

This survey was conducted to compare the housewife's food habit and food purchase behavior on healthy dietary life. The questionnaires were collected from 151 working housewives and 159 housewives in Daejeon. The average meal time was 20~30 min., 67.6% of respondents ate breakfast and bap with guk(72.9%) was the most favourite foods. Almost half of them ate egg, fruit, vegetable everyday. They concerned highly about less intake of frozen foods(64.2%) and food additives(61.6%) for wellbeing dietary life. Because of close distance and various foods items, big discount store was chosen as food purchase place. The most considering purchase factor was food additives in working housewife and nutrition in housewife(p<0.05). In grocery shopping, working housewife considered children and their husbands(p<0.05). The most important purchase factor was the freshness in vegetables fishes fruits seaweeds eggs. TV or Radio was utilized the most frequently to obtain the useful knowledge on healthy foods. It is suggested that practical information should be offered housewives to purchase proper foods within their income and to manage dietary life according to their family's health condition.