• Title/Summary/Keyword: word context

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CHART PARSER FOR ILL-FORMED INPUT SENTENCES (잘못 형성된 입력문장에 대한 CHART PARSER)

  • KyonghoMin
    • Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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    • v.4 no.1
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    • pp.177-212
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    • 1993
  • My research is based on the parser for ill-formed input by Mellish in a paper in ACL 27th meeting Proceedings. 1989. My system is composed of two parsers:WFCP and IFCP. When WFCP fails to give the parse tree for the input sentence, the sentence is identified as ill-formed and is parsed by IFCP for error detection and recovery at the syntactic level. My system is indendent of grammatical rules. It does not take into account semantic ill-formedness. My system uses a grammar composed of 25 context-free rules. My system consistes of two major parsing strategies:top-down expection and bottem-up satisfaction. With top-down expectation. rules are retrieved under the inference condition and expaned by inactive arcs. When doing bottom-up parsing. my parser used two modes:Left-Right parsing and Right-to-Left parsing. My system repairs errors sucessfully when the input contains an omitted word or an unknown word substitued for a valid word. Left- corner and right-corner errors are more easily detected and repaired than ill-formed senteces where the error is in teh middle. The deviance note. with repair details, is kept in new inactive arcs which are generated by the error correction procedure. The implementation of my system is quite different from Mellish's. When rules are invoked. my system invokes all rules with minimal inference. My bottom up parsing strategy uses Left-to-Right mode and Right-to-Left mode. My system is bottom-up-parsing-oriented like the chart parser. Errors are repaired in two ways:using top-down hypothesis, and using Need-Chart which keeps the information of expectation and complection of expanded goals by rules. To reduce the number of top-down cycles. all rules are invoked simultaneously and this invocation information is kept in Need-Chart. This idea will be extended for the implementation of multiple error recovery system.

Historical Transitions in the Definitions of Deonum (더늠 개념의 역사적 변천)

  • Song, Mi-Kyoung
    • (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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    • no.32
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    • pp.243-267
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    • 2016
  • Deonum preexisted prior to it being named. Of course, the object designated as deonum at that time is not the same as the object designated as deonum at this time. There have been historical transitions in the definitions of the term deonum. This paper traced the term deonum to its origin from another angle. On closer inspection about the possible use as the everyday language and the technical language in the field of arts except for pansori, the term deonum was essentially a word for a tune. Deonum was in the same category as deureum, a great word in the Korean traditional music. But the definition of deonum as a tune used in the early part of the former period of eight master singers or before that gradually disappeared for a long time. When the term deonum as an everyday language first entered the field of pansori, it meaned characteristic tune singed by master singers. As pansori develop artistically, the term deonum changed into the word refers to the sori part, and this example become common in the former period of eight master singers. Most sori part acknowledged as a deonum in the former period of eight master singers was a deonum as a creative repertories, the master singer's creative work, but a deonum as a popular repertories, the master singer's specialty, began to be acknowledged as a deonum after the latter period of eight master singers. The differentiation between the definitions of deonum as a sori part occured. And most sori part acknowledged as a deonum after the modern era of five master singers have belonged to a deonum as a specialty. In this context, it was confirmed that Cheong Nosik wrote Joseonchanggeuksa, with carefully considering the historical change of definitions of deonum. This book includes three definitions of deonum, a deonum as a tune, a deonum as a creative work, and deonum as a specialty.

Essay on Form and Function Design (디자인의 형태와 기능에 관한 연구)

  • 이재국
    • Archives of design research
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    • v.2 no.1
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    • pp.63-97
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    • 1989
  • There is nothing more important than the form and function in design, because every design product can be done on the basis of them. Form and Function are already existed before the word of design has been appeared and all the natural and man-made things' basic organization is based on their organic relations. The organic relations is the source of vitality which identifies the subsistance of all the objects and the evolution of living creatures has been changed their appearances by the natural law and order. Design is no exception. Design is a man-made organic thing which is developed its own way according to the purposed aim and given situations. If so, what is the ultimate goal of design. It is without saying that the goal is to make every effort to contribute to the -human beings most desirable life by the designer who is devoting himself to their convenience and well-being. Therefore, the designer can be called the man of rich life practitioner. This word implies a lot of meanings since the essence of design is improving the guality of life by the man-made things which are created by the designer. Also, the things are existed through the relations between form and function, and the things can keep their value when they are answered to the right purpose. In design, thus, it is to be a main concern how to create valuable things and to use them in the right way, and the subject of study is focused on the designer's outlook of value and uk relations between form and function. Christopher Alexander mentioned the importance of form as follows. The ultimate object of design is form. Every design problem begins with an effort to achieve fittness between the form and its context. The form is the solution to the problem: the context defmes the problem. In other words, when we speak of design, the real object of discussion is not form alone, but the ensemble comprising the form and its context. Good fit is a desirable property of this ensemble which relates to some particular division of the ensemble into form and context. Max Bill mainatined how important form is in design. Form represents a self-contained concept, and its embodiment in an object results in that object becoming a work of art. Futhermore, this explains why we use form so freguently in a comparative sense for determining whether one thing is less or more beautiful than another, and why the ideal of absolute beauty is always the standard by which we appraise form, and through form, art itself. Hence form has became synonymous with beauty. On the other hand, Laszlo Moholy-Nagy stated the importance of function as follows. Function means the task an object is designed to fulfill the task instrument is shaping the form. Unfortunately, this principle was not appreciated at the same time but through the endeavors of Frank Lloyd Wright and of the Bauhaus group and its many collegues in Europe, the idea of functionalism became the keynote of the twenites. Functionalism soon became a cheap slogan, however, and its original meaning blurred. It is neccessary to reexamine it in the light of present circumstances. Charles William Eliot expressed his idea on the relations between function and beauty. Beauty often results chiefly from fittness: indeed it is easy to manitain that nothing is fair except what is fit its uses or functions. If the function of the product of a machine be useful and valuable, an the machine be eminently fit for its function, it conspicuously has the beauty of fittness. A locomotive or a steamship has the same sort of beauty, derived from the supreme fittness for its function. As functions vary, so will those beauty..vary. However, it is impossible to study form and function in separate beings. Function can't be existed without form, and without function, form is nothing. In other words, form is a function's container, and function is content in form. It can be said that, therefore, the form and function are indispensable and commensal individuals which have coetemal relations. From the different point of view, sometimes, one is more emphasized than the other, but in this case, the logic is only accepted on the assumption of recognizing the importance of the other's entity. The fact can be proved what Frank Hoyd wright said that form and function are one. In spite of that, the form and function should be considered as independent indivisuals, because they are too important to be treated just as the simple single one. Form and function have flexible properties to the context. In other words, the context plays a role as the barometer to define the form and function, also which implies every meaning of surroun'||'&'||'not;dings. Thus, design is formed under the influence of situations. Situations are dynamic, like the design process itself, in which fixed focus can be cripping. Moreover, situations control over making the good design. Judging from the respect, I defined the good design in my thesis An Analytic Research on Desigh Ethic, "good design is to solve the problem by the most proper way in the situations." Situations are changeable, and so is design. There is no progress without change, but change is not neccessarily progress. It is highly desirable that there changes be beneficial to mankind. Our main problem is to be able to discriminate between that which should be discarded and that which should be kept, built upon, and improved. Form and Function are no exception. The practical function gives birth to the inevitable form and the $$\mu$ti-classified function is delivered to the varieties of form. All of these are depended upon changeable situations. That is precisely the situations of "situation de'||'&'||'not;sign", the concept of moving from the design of things to the design of the circumstances in which things are used. From this point of view, the core of form and function is depended upon how the designer can manage it efficiently in given situations. That is to say that the creativity designer plays an important role to fulfill the purpose. Generally speaking, creativity is the organization of a concept in response to a human need-a solution that is both satisfying and innovative. In order to meet human needs, creative design activities require a special intuitive insight which is set into motion by purposeful imagination. Therefore, creativity is the most essential quality of every designer. In addition, designers share with other creative people a compulsive ingenuity and a passion for imaginative solutions which will meet their criteria for excellence. Ultimately, it is said that the form and function is the matter which belongs to the desire of creative designers who constantly try to bring new thing into being to create new things. In accordance with that the main puppose of this thesis is to catch every meaning of the form and function and to close analyze their relations for the promotion of understanding and devising practical application to gradual progression in design. The thesis is composed of four parts: Introduction, Form, Function and Conclusion. Introduction, the purpose and background of the research are presented. In Chapter I, orgin of form, perception of form, and classification of form are studied. In Chapter II, generation of function, development of function, and diversification of function are considered. Conclusion, some concluding words are mentioned.ioned.

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The Poetics of Language: Reality, Thought, Language and the World

  • Park, Yee-Mun
    • Lingua Humanitatis
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    • v.2 no.2
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    • pp.349-362
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    • 2002
  • The paper argues for the necessicity of revising many fundamental concepts that we use in everyday situations and in communication such as reality, thought, language, the world and finally the truth. The paper develops the argument that what the word ′truth′ actually signifies cannot be addressed just by explicating what philosophy, science or even religion denote but that it can only be answered fully by the study of language and therefore in a larger context linguistics. Language is the very tool that enriches the communication between one another due to its diverse significations that one may use when expressing one′s views, thereby making life more enjoyable. The paper develops why the above corresponding argument should be justified by developing three outstanding views as follows. The world or reality is indistinguishable from the common worldview that we associate with without the means of language. That the worldview is in essence inseparable from the mental and intellectual representation of it and the only means of expression lies with language. And finally, that the language is a complex signification in itself in every aspect. Language in short is the very essence of what we define as being ′poetic.′ With these arguments in mind, we may once again ponder the signification of Nietzsche′s words when he states that "to see science through the lens of art, and art through the lens of life."

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Alveolar Fricative Sound Errors by the Type of Morpheme in the Spontaneous Speech of 3- and 4-Year-Old Children (자발화에 나타난 형태소 유형에 따른 3-4세 아동의 치경마찰음 오류)

  • Kim, Soo-Jin;Kim, Jung-Mee;Yoon, Mi-Sun;Chang, Moon-Soo;Cha, Jae-Eun
    • Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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    • v.4 no.3
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    • pp.129-136
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    • 2012
  • Korean alveolar fricatives are late-developing speech sounds. Most previous research on phonemes used individual words or pseudo words to produce sounds, but word-level phonological analysis does not always reflect a child's practical articulation ability. Also, there has been limited research on articulation development looking at speech production by grammatical morphemes despite its importance in Korean language. Therefore, this research examines the articulation development and phonological patterns of the /s/ phoneme in terms of morphological types produced in children's spontaneous conversational speech. The subjects were twenty-two typically developing 3- and 4-year-old Koreans. All children showed normal levels in three screening tests: hearing, vocabulary, and articulation. Spontaneous conversational samples were recorded at the children's homes. The results are as follows. The error rates decreased with increasing age in all morphological contexts. Also, error percentages within an age group were significantly lower in lexical morphemes than in grammatical morphemes. The stopping of fricative sounds was the main error pattern in all morphological contexts and reduced as age increased. This research shows that articulation performance can differ significantly by morphological contexts. The present study provides data that can be used to identify the difficult context for articulatory evaluation and therapy of alveolar fricative sounds.

Unit Generation Based on Phrase Break Strength and Pruning for Corpus-Based Text-to-Speech

  • Kim, Sang-Hun;Lee, Young-Jik;Hirose, Keikichi
    • ETRI Journal
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    • v.23 no.4
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    • pp.168-176
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    • 2001
  • This paper discusses two important issues of corpus-based synthesis: synthesis unit generation based on phrase break strength information and pruning redundant synthesis unit instances. First, the new sentence set for recording was designed to make an efficient synthesis database, reflecting the characteristics of the Korean language. To obtain prosodic context sensitive units, we graded major prosodic phrases into 5 distinctive levels according to pause length and then discriminated intra-word triphones using the levels. Using the synthesis unit with phrase break strength information, synthetic speech was generated and evaluated subjectively. Second, a new pruning method based on weighted vector quantization (WVQ) was proposed to eliminate redundant synthesis unit instances from the synthesis database. WVQ takes the relative importance of each instance into account when clustering similar instances using vector quantization (VQ) technique. The proposed method was compared with two conventional pruning methods through objective and subjective evaluations of synthetic speech quality: one to simply limit the maximum number of instances, and the other based on normal VQ-based clustering. For the same reduction rate of instance number, the proposed method showed the best performance. The synthetic speech with reduction rate 45% had almost no perceptible degradation as compared to the synthetic speech without instance reduction.

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Development and Effects of a Sex Education Program with Blended Learning for University Students (대학생을 위한 블렌디드 러닝 기법의 성 교육 프로그램 개발 및 효과)

  • Kim, Il-Ok;Yeom, Gye Jeong;Kim, Mi Jeong
    • Child Health Nursing Research
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    • v.24 no.4
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    • pp.443-453
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    • 2018
  • Purpose: This study was describes the development and implementation a sex education program with a blended learning method for university students. Methods: Sixty-eight university students were recruited either to the experimental group (n=35) or the control group (n=33). This program was developed based on the analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation model. The analysis phase consisted of a literature review, focus group interview, expert consultations, and target group survey. In addition, learning objectives and structure were designed, and a printed text-book, presentation slides, cross-word puzzle, and debate topics were developed. In the implementation phase, the program was conducted 3 times over the course of 3 weeks. The evaluation phase involved verification of the effects of the program on sex-related knowledge, sexual autonomy, and justification of violence, as well as an assessment of satisfaction with the program. Results: The experimental group had significantly higher scores on sex-related knowledge (t=5.47, p<.001), sexual autonomy (t=2.40, p=.019), and justification of violence (t=2.52, p=.015) than the control group. Conclusion: The results indicate that this sex education program with blended learning was effective in meeting the needs of university students and can be widely used in this context.

Prosodic Modifications of the Internal Phonetic Structure of Monosyllabic CVC Words in Conversational Speech

  • Mo, Yoonsook
    • Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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    • v.5 no.1
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    • pp.99-108
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    • 2013
  • Previous laboratory studies have shown that prosodic structures are encoded in the modulations of phonetic patterns of speech including suprasegmental as well as segmental features. In particular, effects of prosodic context on duration and intensity of syllables and words have been widely reported. Drawing on prosodically annotated large-scale speech data from the Buckeye corpus of conversational speech of American English, the current study attempted to examine whether and how prosodic prominence and phrase boundary of everyday conversational speech, as determined by a large group of ordinary listeners, are related to the phonetic realization of duration and intensity. The results showed that the patterns of word durations and intensities are influenced by prosodic structure. Closer examinations revealed, however, that the effects of prosodic prominence are not the same as those of prosodic phrase boundary. With regard to intensity measures, the results revealed the systematic changes in the patterns of overall RMS intensity near prosodic phrase boundary but the prominence effects are restricted to the nucleus. In terms of duration measures, both prosodic prominence and phrase boundary are the most closely related to the lengthening of the nucleus. Yet, prosodic prominence is more closely related to the lengthening of the onset while phrase boundary lengthens the coda duration more. The findings from the current study suggest that the phonetic realizations of prosodic prominence are different from those of prosodic phrase boundary, and speakers signal different prosodic structures through deliberate modulations of the internal phonetic structure of words and listeners attend to such phonetic variations.

Servo Motor Control by On-Off Type Nonlinear Controller (ON-OFF형 비선형 제어기에 의한 서보 모터의 제어)

  • Kim, Y.B.
    • Journal of Power System Engineering
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    • v.2 no.2
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    • pp.55-59
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    • 1998
  • In practice, the property of nonlinearity is contained in all physical systems. In other word, all physical systems are nonlinear to some degree. Therefore it is important that we acquires a facility for analyzing feedback control systems with varying degrees of nonlinearity. To operate the system linearly over wide range of variation of signal amplitude and frequency, the system requires components of an extremely high quality. Such a system would probably be impractical in the view points of cost, space and weight. In this context of view, it is worth noting that the nonlinearities may be intentionally introduced into a system in order to compensate for the effects of other undesirable nonlinearities or to obtain better performance than what could be achieved using linear element only. A simple example of an intentional nonlinearity is the use of a nonlinear damped system to optimize response in accordance with the magnitude of error. In this paper, an on-off type nonlinear controller is introduced and the applicability and validity of a simple on-off controller are presented by the experimental result.

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Maritime English vs Maritime English Communication

  • Choe, Seung-Hui
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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    • 2015.07a
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    • pp.272-274
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    • 2015
  • Success of communication at sea is directly linked with clear and complete delivery and receipt of the target message between interlocutors. It can be said that speakers' effective delivery of their intended message and listeners' precise decoding and accurate understanding are the keys to successful maritime communication. From this perspective, the scope of maritime English education and training needs to be reconceptualized and expanded into the area of communication itself, beyond the simple acquisition of, and familiarization with, IMO Standard Maritime Communication Phrases (SMCP). Therefore, in order to make learners' acquisition of marine communication knowledge more feasible, and the knowledge learned more practically applicable, training on effective and clear oral delivery should be also considered within the frame of maritime English education. Thus, critical training elements to realize this goal need to be suggested as guidelines. In this presentation, the theoretical background on this will be introduced in terms of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) and Lingua Franca Core (LFC), which are the current mainstream forms of English communication in the international business context. Based on this, six key training elements will be discussed; that is, speech rate, word groups, pauses, nuclear stresses, consonants (including consonant clusters), and vowels (specifically long and short vowels). Finally, the practical pedagogical methods of each element, and its actual application into a real ESP classroom, will be suggested.

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