• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.20-28
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• 2004

26 wooden relics excavated in Jedeok bay, Jinhae, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea were identified. Wood species identified were consisted of 7 softwoods and 19 hardwoods. Softwoods identified were hard pines (Pinus spp.), while 19 hardwoods were consisted of 15 Lepidobalanus (Quercus spp.), 1 Cyclobalanopsis (Quercus spp.), 1 Meliosma oldhami Miq., 1 Platycarya strobilacea S. et Z., and 1 Carpinus spp., respectively. The wooden fences were composed of a variety of wood species such as hard pines (Pinus spp.), Lepidobalanus (Quercus spp.), Meliosma oldhami Miq. and Carpinus spp. Wooden members of ship were consisted of Lepidobalanus (Quercus spp.), and parts of ship body were hard pines(Pinus spp.). The other relics that uses were unknown were hard pines (Pinus spp.), Lepidobalanus (Quercus spp,), Cyclobalanopsis (Quercus spp.), and Platycarya strobilacea S. et Z.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.45-53
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• 1998

The Kong-Chung Jung's relics made of wooden materials were pre-examined for conservation. Kong-Chung Jung was a General of the Chosun Dynasty and his weapons were made of wood. The pre-examining method was focused on the quality and species of the wooden weapons. X-ray radiation was used for the observation of wood structure, and the condition of the relics was relatively good although they contained some cracks. The examination of species using optical microscope showed that the species of each relics were Pinus densiflora of hanging scroll pole, Lozoste lancifolia of a top of flagnole, Fraxinus sp. of a flagpole, Phyllostachys sp. of arrow shafts. For the conservation of the relics, celyl alcohol as dimensional stability chemicals was used and poly(vinyl acetate) and epoxy adhesives were also used for the joining and restoring of the relics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.158-169
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• 2015

Tean Mado Shipwreck No. 3 is presumed to have been shipwrecked between 1260 and 1268. It departed from a Southern costal area of Yeosu in Jeonnam Province to Ganghwa Island, its final destination at which the temporal regime of Koryo Dynasty was located. In the shipwreck, a total of 35 wooden tablets were found, and forwarding places, senders, receivers, descriptions, and quantities of freight were written on the wooden tablets. The names of receivers included Kim Jun, who was influential in the late Musin Era of the Koryo Dynasty, and key institutions such as Junmin and Sambyulcho of the Musin force. Twenty wooden tables had lists of food items such as barley, abalone, salted-fermented abalone, mussel, dried mussel, salted fermented mussel, dried shark meat, fish oil, pheasant, and dried dog meat. The food items in the late 13th century were systematically examined using scientifically determined food organic remains and records of wooden tablets among the marine relics of Mado Shipwreck No. 3.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.499-510
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• 2014

This study examined the food culture of the Koryo Dynasty during the early 13th century based on the records of wooden tablets and marine relics from the 1st and 2nd ships of Mado wrecked at sea off Taean while sailing for Gaegyeong containing various types of grain paid as taxes and tributes. The recipients of the cargo on the 1st ship of Mado were bureaucrats living in Gaegyeong during the period of the military regime of the Koryo Dynasty, and the place of embarkation was the inlet around Haenam (Juksan Prefecture) and Naju (Hoijin Prefecture) in Jolla-do. On wooden tablets were recorded 37 items of rice, cereal, and fermented foods. The measures used in the records were seok [石-20 du (斗)] for cereal, seok [15 du, 20 du] for fermented soybean paste, and pot (缸) and volume (斗) for salted fish. The places of embarkation on the 2nd ship of Mado were Jeongeup (Gobu Prefecture), Gochang (Jangsa Prefecture, Musong Prefecture), etc. On wooden tablets were recorded 29 items of rice, cereal, fermented foods, seasame oil, and honey. The volume measure for yeast guk (麴), the fermentative organism for rice wine, was nang [囊-geun (斤)], and the measure for sesame oil and honey, which were materials of oil-and-honey pastries and confections, was joon (樽-seong, 盛). Honey and sesame oil were luxury foods for the upper-class people of the Koryo Dynasty, and they were carried in high-quality inlaid celadon vases in Meibyung style. Food names and measures written on wooden tablets and actual artifacts found in the 1st and 2nd ships of Mado are valuable materials for research into agriculture, cereal, and fermented foods of the Koryo Dynasty in the early 13th century. Besides, relics such as grains and bones of fish and animals from the Koryo Dynasty are expected to provide crucial information usable in studies on food history of the Korean Peninsula.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.38
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• pp.129-156
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• 2005

Increasing discovery cases of underground storage facilities made of earth, wood, or stone are being reported from the recent excavation survey of the Baekje relics. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to examine the structure and function of the underground storage facilities of Baekje following a classification made by the type and building method as follows: plask shape, wooden box shape, and stone box shape. The plask shape storage is the most representative underground storage of Baekje that has been found in numerous relics more than 600 sets around Hangang(Han River) and Geumgang(Geum River) from the Hansung period to Sabi period in Baekje Dynasty. It is a historical artefact as a part of the unique storage culture of Baekje around Hangang and Geumgang from the 3rd to 7th Century. Considering its structure and the example of Chinese one, it might had been used for a long-term storage of grains and various other items including earth wares. The storage facility in wooden box shape and stone box shape are found mostly in the relics Of Sabi period. Thus it might had taken some functions of the storage in traditional pouch shape which had decreased after the 6th Century. In particular, the wooden box shape and stone box shape storage required enormous labor force to build owing to their structure and building method. Thus, they were considered to had been used for official purposes in province fortress and citadel artefact. The wooden box shape storage facility is classified into flat rectangular type and square type based on the structure, and into Gagu type(架構式) and Juheol type(柱穴式) based on the building method. It might had been decided according to the geography and geological feature of the place where the storage was to be built. Considering the examples of Gwanbuk-ri relics and Weolpyong-dong relics, the wooden box shape storage facility might had been used for various items depending on the needs, including foods such as fruits and essential provisions at the military base. Considering the long-term food storage, the examples in Japan, and the functional characteristics of the underground storage facility, there is a possibility that the wooden and stone box shape storage facilities had been built so as to safely store important items in case of fire. This study is only a rudimentary examination for the storage facility in Baekje. Thus further studies are to be made specifically and comprehensively on the comparison with other regions, distribution pattern, discovered relics and artefacts, and functions.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.27
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• pp.63-82
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• 2006

We conducted species identification on the wooden materials of 10 pieces and grasses which come out from the seabed relics in Sibidongpado, Gunsan. This site is presumed to date from the Goryeo's relics. Species identification show that pieces of ship are pinus(4 pieces), ulmus(1 piece), platcarya(1 piece). Lepidobalanus(2 pieces), platcarya(2 pieces) came out from the others. Grasses are located between ceramics that were piled up. Grasses are supposed to be Phragmites Trin.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.55-64
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• 2015

This paper aimed to identify architectural historical meaning of the brick-constructed platform of the west hall in Hwangnyoungsa buddhist temple site based on studying published the excavation survey report and comparing with other platforms of Silla remains. Mass and height of the building has a hierarchical structure within a buddhist temple site, this is applicable in Hwangnyongsa. So in case of a rank equal to or lower buildings than the west hall, those of platforms were built of brick-constructed. As stone relics, jidaeseoks are very narrow, I think that wooden pagoda and main hall's platform were built of brick in first construction period. West hall's platform was built at the late 6th~the mid of 7th century, these brick-remains were considered as a quite earlier construction period relics. Because in west hall there is no jidaeseok under bricks, and all bricks relics have a rectangular shape.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.154-168
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• 2021

Various types of wooden relics are being unearthed following the full-scale excavation in Wolseong palace site, Gyeongju in Korea. In particular, a large number of relics were found in the moat surrounding the Wolseong Fortress. This study attempted to secure basic data on the shields of the Silla era through species identification, radiocarbon dating, and shape analysis of the two wooden shields excavated from the Wolseong moat. As a result of the radiocarbon dating, it was confirmed that the shields were made of wood procured in the period between the mid-4th century and the early 5th century. The species identification confirmed that the body of the relic was made with Pinus soft pine group and the handle with Zelkova serrata. It was also confirmed that the excavated wooden shield was made by first marking a thin line on a flat grain board, then marking double concentric circles and perforating small holes. The distance between the division lines is constant at about 6cm, and spaces between them are colored in red and black. The shape analysis estimated that two artifacts were more than 50cm and 36cm in width, respectively.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.15
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• pp.104-127
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• 1994

Traditional architecture has structural limits after some terms because it almost made by wood elements. So in the name of 'Restoration', by anatural process, repair works are accomplished. But the repair works of traditional buildings have some problems in spite of best men power and technology. To overcome this problems, we need more detailed studies for examine the reasons of destruction in elements of wooden buildings. The life limits of wooden buildings are caused by natural circumstances and humanic circumstances, the former has bad effect on the damage in wooden buildings. There are various elements of damage in the wooden buildings, earthquake, the falling of a thunderbolt, fire, and rain, microorganism, insect, and so on. Moreover pollutions-sulfurous acid gas, acidorganic matters -are important reason of shortening the life of wooden buildings. From 1981 till now we investigated important traditional buildings under repair works by the way scientific analysis to catch the sample - seramics, woods, insects, metals, etc. In this reports we suggest various method of investigation with two samples of tradional house made by wood, one is Kim Joo Tea House, the order is Simgum-dang of Magok-Sa(dwelling of monk).

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.04a
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• pp.61-66
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• 2006