• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.8-20
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• 1976

For study on the variation of natural stand, three populations of Pinus densiflora S. et Z. were selected at samsanri Yongogmyun Myongjugun Kangwondo (4), Hawonri seomyun Uljingun Kyongbuk (5), and Emogdong Suweon Kyongkido (6) successibely after the selection of three population in 1974. Twenty individual trees were chosen from each population and the morphological characteristics of trees, needle and wood properties were investigated on the trees. The results are summerized as follows; 1. Serration density, resin canal number in needle did not show significant differences, however stomata row number in the both sides of needle showed highly significant differences among 3 populations. But significant differences were calculated among individual trees in a population regarding any character of needles. 2. Ail population had high correlation on the stomata row between abaxial and adaxial side of needle. 3. The Myongjungun population showed the highest value of resin duct index, which means the population had the highest degree of hybrid character. 4. The ring segment width and summerwood percentage in the wood properties had significant differences, and yet specific gravity and tracheid length had not significant differences statistically among 3 populations. But all the values were significant statistically among the ring segments within population. 5. The ring segment width decreased rapidly with increasing tree age but summerwood percentage, specific gravity, tracheid length increased slowly to the middle age of tree and then decreased slowly after the age. But the patterns of decrease or increase were some different by population. 6. The values of Uljingun population were generally high in the coefficient of variation on all the needle characters. And the values of Suweon population were always the highest and those of Myongjugun population the lowest in the coefficient of variation on all the wood properties.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 2018

In this study, we examined how the upper and lower lips articulate to produce labial /p/. Using electromagnetic midsagittal articulography, we collected flesh-point tracking movement data from eight native speakers of Seoul Korean (five females and three males). Individual articulatory movements in /p/ were examined in terms of minimum vertical upper lip position, maximum vertical lower lip position, and corresponding vertical upper lip position aligned with maximum vertical lower lip position. Using linear mixed-effect models, we tested two factors (word boundary [across-word vs. within-word] and speech rate [comfortable vs. fast]) and their interaction, considering subjects as random effects. The results are summarized as follows. First, maximum lower lip position varied with different word boundaries and speech rates, but no interaction was detected. In particular, maximum lower lip position was lower (e.g., less constricted or more reduced) in fast rate condition and across-word boundary condition. Second, minimum lower lip position, as well as lower lip position, measured at the time of maximum lower lip position only varied with different word boundaries, showing that they were consistently lower in across-word condition. We provide further empirical evidence of lower lip movement sensitive to both different word boundaries (e.g., linguistic factor) and speech rates (e.g., paralinguistic factor); this supports the traditional idea that the lower lip is an actively moving articulator. The sensitivity of upper lip movement is also observed with different word boundaries; this counters the traditional idea that the upper lip is the target area, which presupposes immobility. Taken together, the lip aperture gesture is a good indicator that takes into account upper and lower lip vertical movements, compared to the traditional approach that distinguishes a movable articulator from target place. Respective of different speech rates, the results of the present study patterned with cross-linguistic lenition-related allophonic variation, which is known to be more sensitive to fast rate.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.150-158
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• 2020

Objectives: This study was conducted to estimate usual meat intake distribution, which may have been over/underestimated when estimations were made using only the third food codes of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Methods: For this purpose, 24-hour recall data from the 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which conducted a partial 2-day survey of food intake, were used. The Multiple Source Method (MSM) was used to estimate the distribution of the usual intake of red and processed meats. Results: The results of this study show that the mean intake of red meat was 45.07 g while that of processed meat was 4.33 g. These results are slightly higher than the consumption calculated using only tertiary food code, and the difference was statistically significant. Furthermore, characteristics of the estimated usual intake distribution were a smaller standard deviation, increased lower percentiles, and decreased upper percentiles compared to the 2-day mean intake distribution for both red and processed meats. The proportion of individuals not consuming red meat decreased substantially from approximately 37% to 0.7%. The proportion of consumption that exceeded 90 g, which is the upper limit of red meat intake recommended by the National Health Service (NHS), was only approximately 10% in the distribution of usual intake. Conclusions: As the consumption of processed foods is expected to continuously increase, caution is needed regarding the processes used to calculate food (group) intake to avoid over/underestimation. Moreover, use of KNHANES data to calculate the proportion of the population at risk of insufficiency or excess intake of certain nutrients or food (group), based on one day intake that does not address within-individual variation, may lead to biased estimates.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.1669-1676
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• 2013

Background: Variation in cancer incidence in geographical locations is due to different lifestyles and risk factors. Diet and socio-economic position (SEP) have been identified as important for the etiology of cancer but patterns are changing and inconsistent. The aim of this study was to investigate correlations of the incidence of common cancers with food groups, total energy, smoking, and SEP. Materials and Methods: In an ecological study, disaggregated cancer data through the National Cancer Registry in Iran (2008) and dietary intake, smoking habits and SEP obtained through a population based survey within the Urban Health Equity Assessment (Urban-HEART) project were correlated across 22 districts of Tehran. Results: Consumption of fruit, meat and dairy products adjusted for energy were positively correlated with bladder, colorectal, prostate and breast and total cancers in men and women, while these cancers were adversely correlated with bread and fat intake. Also prostate, breast, colorectal, bladder and ovarian cancers had a positive correlation with SEP; there was no correlation between SEP and skin cancer in both genders and stomach cancer in men. Conclusions: The incidence of cancer was higher in some regions of Tehran which appeared to be mainly determined by SEP rather than dietary intake. Further individual data are required to investigate reasons of cancer clustering.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.2 s.44
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• pp.81-89
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• 2006

Pb isotopic compositions were determined from the ore deposits of Beonam, Dongjin, Jeoksang and Bukchang mines distributed within Jeolabuk-do. As a result, individual mine shows significantly different values of Pb isotopic compositions from each other. Pb isotopic values of the Beonam, Bukchang and Dongjin mines altogether from linear variation, but it is too steep to represent their formation age. Instead, such trend suggests that these ore leads were originated from binary mixing. Precambrian basement rocks and Mesozoic granitoids are suggested for such two end-members. The relative contribution of lead from each source seems to be quite different for each ore deposit, implying that the circulation of the ore-forming fluid was very localized when they were formed. In the case of Dongjin mine it seems significant portion of the ore leads were originated from the basement rocks, which suggests that related igneous rock seems to have acted as heat source to generate circulation of the fluid rather than the source of the ore-forming elements.

• Plant Resources
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.120-128
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• 2003

The objectives of this study, an analysis of the variation for leaf and fruit characteristics among the selected ten populations of Sorbus commixta Hedl. could be used for the conservation of gene resources and could provide information to superior trees selection. The results obtained from this study can be summarized as follows; Approximately, the Mt. Sungin population at Ulleung island showed larger values in overall characteristics and populations. On the other hand, Mt. Halla population at Jeju island showed the smaller values of the overall characteristics and populations. ANOV A tests showed that there were statistically significant differences in all leaf characteristics among the populations as well as individual trees within populations. But, for fruit characteristics, differences were statistically significant only among the populations. Cluster analysis using single linkage method based on leaf and fruit characteristics showed that ten selected populations of S. commixta in Korea could be clustered into three groups. Group I is Mt. Sungin at Ulleung island, Group II is Mt. Halla at Jeju island, and Group III comprises Osan, Mt. Kaji, Mt. Duckyoo, Mt. Balwang, Mt. Sobaek, Mt. O-dae, Mt. Jiri, and Mt. Taebaek. The selection level based on major agronomic traits, which are the Number of Fruit per Fruiting Lateral(NFL) over 50, and Fruit Length(FL) and Width(FW) over 10 mm, and Weight of 100 Fruit(WFI00) over 66 g, was applied on 100 sample trees, and five trees were selected. The selection effects from selected trees in NFL, FL, FW, and WF100 were evaluated as 132%, 151 %, 142%, and 264% compared to the mean of those 100 sample trees, respectively. Especially, Ulleung 2 showed excellent values that NFL and WFI00 were 95, and 69 g, respectively, suggesting a promising new cultivar for larger fruit and high productivity.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.56-62
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• 2004

This paper examined the change in reaction time and accuracy of mental work by physical activity. A treadmill-equipped instrument is used to attain several levels of physical activity. Subjects were recruited from college students and football players; and they were instructed to run on a treadmill at different speeds. In order to determine the individual levels of physical activity of subjects, in this paper, Borg's-RPE scales which indicates subjective levels of physical activity were obtained. And reaction time was evaluated before and after running by arithmetic calculation test Restricted within the limit of this experiment, the results of this study showed that arithmetic calculation performance as a scale of accuracy of mental work rather increase after the exercise even though there are slight difference among the subjects.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.65-76
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• 2012

In this study, probabilistic analysis of seepage through a two-layered soil foundation was performed. The hydraulic conductivity of soil shows significant spatial variations in different layers because of stratification; further, it varies on a smaller scale within each individual layer. Therefore, the deterministic seepage analysis method was extended to develop a probabilistic approach that accounts for the uncertainties and spatial variation of the hydraulic conductivity in a layered soil profile. Two-dimensional random fields were generated on the basis of the Karhunen-Lo$\grave{e}$ve expansion in a manner consistent with a specified marginal distribution function and an autocorrelation function for each layer. A Monte Carlo simulation was then used to determine the statistical response based on the random fields. A series of analyses were performed to verify the application potential of the proposed method and to study the effects of uncertainty due to the spatial heterogeneity on the seepage behavior of two-layered soil foundation beneath water retaining structure. The results showed that the probabilistic framework can be used to efficiently consider the various flow patterns caused by the spatial variability of the hydraulic conductivity in seepage assessment for a layered soil foundation.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.319-325
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• 2015

Among solute carrier proteins, the organic anion transporters (OATs) play an important role for the elimination or reabsorption of endogenous and exogenous negatively charged anionic compounds. Among OATs, SLC22A9 (hOAT7) transports estrone sulfate with high affinity. The net decrease of estrogen, especially in post-menopausal women induces rapid bone loss. The present study was performed to search the SNP within exon regions of SLC22A9 in Korean females with osteoporosis. Fifty healthy controls and 50 osteoporosis patients were screened for the genetic polymorphism in the coding region of SLC22A9 using GC-clamped PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Six SNPs were found on the SLC22A9 gene from Korean women with/without osteoporosis. The SNPs were located as follows: two SNPs in the osteoporosis group (A645G and T1277C), three SNPs in the control group (G1449T, C1467T and C1487T) and one SNP in both the osteoporosis and control groups (G767A). The G767A, T1277C and C1487T SNPs result in an amino acid substitution, from synonymous vs nonsynonymous substitution arginine to glutamine (R256Q), phenylalanine to serine (F426S) and proline to leucine (P496L), respectively. The Km values and Vmax of the wild type, R256Q, P496L and F426S were 8.84, 8.87, 9.83 and $12.74{\mu}M$, and 1.97, 1.96, 2.06 and 1.55 pmol/oocyte/h, respectively. The present study demonstrates that the SLC22A9 variant F426S is causing inter-individual variation that is leading to the differences in transport of the steroid sulfate conjugate (estrone sulfate) and, therefore this could be used as a marker for certain disease including osteoporosis.

• Journal of Korean Medical Science
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• v.33 no.52
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• pp.337.1-337.14
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• 2018

Background: Mitochondrial heteroplasmy, the co-existence of different mitochondrial polymorphisms within an individual, has various forensic and clinical implications. But there is still no guideline on the application of massively parallel sequencing (MPS) in heteroplasmy detection. We present here some critical issues that should be considered in heteroplasmy studies using MPS. Methods: Among five samples with known innate heteroplasmies, two pairs of mixture were generated for artificial heteroplasmies with target minor allele frequencies (MAFs) ranging from 50% to 1%. Each sample was amplified by two-amplicon method and sequenced by Ion Torrent system. The outcomes of two different analysis tools, Torrent Suite Variant Caller (TVC) and mtDNA-Server (mDS), were compared. Results: All the innate heteroplasmies were detected correctly by both analysis tools. Average MAFs of artificial heteroplasmies correlated well to the target values. The detection rates were almost 90% for high-level heteroplasmies, but decreased for low-level heteroplasmies. TVC generally showed lower detection rates than mDS, which seems to be due to their own computation algorithms which drop out some reference-dominant heteroplasmies. Meanwhile, mDS reported several unintended low-level heteroplasmies which were suggested as nuclear mitochondrial DNA sequences. The average coverage depth of each sample placed on the same chip showed considerable variation. The increase of coverage depth had no effect on the detection rates. Conclusion: In addition to the general accuracy of the MPS application on detecting heteroplasmy, our study indicates that the understanding of the nature of mitochondrial DNA and analysis algorithm would be crucial for appropriate interpretation of MPS results.