• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.2
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• pp.131-137
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• 2007

The first evidence has been provided about the variation within trnL-trnV and trnF-trnT spacer regions of cpDNAs in Korean fir and Manchurian fir, revealed by PCR-RFLP analysis. Four cpDNA haplotypes have accordingly been recognized by being analyzed using the trnL-trnV/Tru11 primer-enzyme combination and 3 haplotypes using the trnF-trnT/TagI combination, which exhibited inter and intraspecific variation. A total of 6 cpDNA haplotypes were recognized by pooling the PCR-RFLP variants observed in both combinations. Haplotypes 2 and 3 were common for both species investigated, whereas haplotypes 1, 4, and 5 were detected only in Korean fir and haplotype 6 was detected only in Manchurian fir. Although haplotypes 2 and 3 were common in both species, haplotype 2 was major haplotype for Korean fir and haplotype 3 was one of the 2 major haplotypes for Manchurian fir. Restricted occurrence of haplotype 4 in Mt. Halla and haplotype 5 in Mt. Jiri of the Korean fir may represent the existence of geographic isolation by the sea between them. Diagnostic potential of individual haplotypes in discriminating between the two species as well as between their populations is discussed.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.649-653
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• 2004

To estimate the source of variance components for some hematological parameters and assess the utility of the conventional population-based reference interval, this study computed index of individuality for blood samples, which were from 13 dogs drawn once weekly for 4 consecutive weeks. Results were subjected to nested analysis of variance. For all parameters measured between-dog variations were greater than within-dog variation. Except for the parameters RBC and MCHC the index of individuality was <1.4. The low reliability coefficient and high index of individuality of ${\leq}0.8$ were found for the majority of hematological parameters. In practical term, the present study indicated that use of hemogram profiles alone in the evaluating clinical state of a single patient should be avoided because of their physiological or natural random variations, and that comparing a single measurement on the blood analytes from an individual dog to the conventional population-based reference range may be too insensitive to detect any significant changes in the blood components of that particular dog. A single measurement may not characterize an individual's average concentration of the parameters even shortterm period.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.203-210
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• 1988

The clinical experience with the activated clotting time[A.C.T.] for the control of heparin and protamine therapy during cardiopulmonary bypass in 40 patients between April, 1987 and September, 1987 is reviewed retrospectively. All of patients used with cold blood potassium cardioplegia for myocardial protection under standard cardiopulmonary bypass, priming and perfusate techniques respectively. This study was divided into 2 groups of patients followed by cardiopulmonary bypass time. Twenty patients, within 60 minutes of cardiopulmonary bypass time[group A] were compared with twenty patients, from 60 to 120 minutes of cardiopulmonary bypass time[group B]. Using blood cardioplegia for myocardial protection, Author observed wide variation of A.C.T. in individual response to initial heparinization[2mg /kg] and no requirement of additional heparin during cardiopulmonary bypass until 120 minutes. Total heparin amount during cardiopulmonary bypass was not related to body weight and body surface area in the both groups. After cardiopulmonary bypass, amounts of protamine for neutralization of heparin were more required in group B.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.157-165
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• 2023

Paraphlomis koreana (Lamiaceae) was newly named and added to Korean flora in 2014. Paraphlomis belongs to the tribe Paraphlomideae, along with Ajugoides and Matsumurella. However, a recent study has suggested that P. koreana is morphologically similar to Matsumurella chinensis, making them difficult to distinguish from each other. Therefore, we aimed to examine the phylogenetic placement of P. koreana within the tribe and compare its genetic relationship with M. chinensis. We sequenced an additional complete plastid genome for an individual of P. koreana and generated sequences of nuclear ribosomal (nr) DNA regions of internal and external transcribed spacers (ITS and ETS) for two individuals of P. koreana. Maximum likelihood analyses based on two nrDNA regions (ITS and ETS) and four plastid DNA markers (rpl16 intron, rpl32-trnL, rps16 intron, and trnL-F) covering 13 Paraphlomis species and M. chinensis were conducted. Phylogenetic analyses concordantly supported that P. koreana forms a monophyletic group with M. chinensis. Moreover, our study revealed that P. koreana includes nrDNA sequences of M. chinensis as minor intra-individual variants, suggesting that the genetic divergence between the two taxa is incomplete and may represent intraspecific variation rather than distinct species. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the independent species status of P. koreana within Paraphlomis should be reconsidered.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1253-1253
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• 2001

The ability to accurately assess wine quality is important during the wine making process, particularly when allocating batches of wines to styles determined by consumer requirements. Grape payments are often determined by the quality category of the wine that is produced from them. Wine quality, in terms of sensory characteristics, is normally a subjective measure, performed by experienced winemakers, wine competition judges or winetasting panellists. By nature, such assessments can be biased by individual preferences and may be subject to day-to-day variation. Taste and aroma compounds are often present in concentrations below the detection limit of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy but the more abundant organic compounds offer potential for objective quality grading by this technique. Samples were drawn from one of Australia's major wine shows and from BRL Hardy's post-vintage wine quality allocation tastings. The samples were scanned in transmission mode with a FOSS NIR Systems 6500, over the wavelength range 400-2500 ㎚. Data analysis was performed with the Vision chemometrics package. With samples from the allocation tastings, the best correlations between NIR spectra and tasting data were obtained with dry red wines. These calibrations used loadings in the wavelengths related to anthocyanins, ethanol and possibly tannins. Anthocyanins are a group of compounds responsible for colour in red wines - restricting the wavelengths to those relating to anthocyanins produced calibrations of similar accuracy to those using the full wavelength range. This was particularly marked with Merlot, a variety that tends to have relatively lower anthocyanin levels than Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz. For dry white wines, calibrations appeared to be more dependent on ethanol characteristics of the spectrum, implying that quality correlated with fruit maturity. The correlations between NIR spectra and sensory data obtained using the wine show samples were less significant in general. This may be related to the fact that within most classes in the show, the samples may span vintages, glowing areas and winemaking styles, even though they may be made from only one grape variety. For dry red wines, the best calibrations were obtained with a class of Pinot Noir - a variety that tends to be produced in limited areas in Australia and would represent the least matrix variation. Good correlations were obtained with a tawny port class - these wines are sweet, fortified wines, that are aged for long periods in wooden barrels. During the ageing process Maillard browning compounds are formed and the water is lost through the barrels in preference to ethanol, producing “concentrated” darkly coloured wines with high alcohol content. These calibrations indicated heaviest loadings in the water regions of the spectrum, suggesting that “concentration” of the wines was important, whilst the visible and alcohol regions of the spectrum also featured as important factors. NIR calibrations based on sensory scores will always be difficult to obtain due to variation between individual winetasters. Nevertheless, these results warrant further investigation and may provide valuable Insight into the main parameters affecting wine quality.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.181-185
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• 2001

This study was carried out to select chamazulene containing species and to know whether chamazulene content varies depend on individual plants within a population or not. Among five collected mugworts, chamazulene was detected only in Artemisia indica. Chamazulene content in the leaves was higher than that in stems at vegetative stage. Camazulene in inflorescence was not higher than that in leaves even at reproductive stage. Chamazulene was higher in the leaves of the upper part of the plant than those of the middle and lower of the plant at vegetative stage. Chamazulene contents of 50 individuals within a population were varied from 0.01% to 0.11% with mean of 0.045%. About 36 individuals, 72 percent of total individuals examined, had more than 0.03% of chamazulene. There was no difference in chamazulene contents between parents and their clones.

• ALGAE
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.103-119
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• 2015

Photosynthetic rates of the large centric diatom Coscinodiscus granii were measured by means of multicolor variable chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, single cell $^{14}C$ assimilation, and optical $O_2$ sensor measurements during light acclimatization of cultures grown at five different irradiances: 50, 150, 235, 332, and $450{\mu}mol$ photons $m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$. Photo-acclimatization was evident from changes of cellular chlorophyll a content, growth rates, and light response curves. Each of the applied methods evaluates different parts and reactions in the photosynthetic apparatus, which makes a direct quantitative comparison of rates difficult, although a different degree of correlation were found between all three methods. However, when used in combination, they provide information about the internal relationship of photosynthetic pathways as well as the variation in photosynthetic capacity between individual cells within a single algal culture.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers C
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.192-199
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• 1999

During start up and shut down, the generator is rotating at a low speed and copper dusts cause arcing between the turns in the slot. Shorted turns occurred primarily by the movement of these copper dusts between individual windings in the generator rotor. Detection of shorted turns was performed in five gas turbine generators in two combined cycle power plants. Two types of permanent and temporary flux probes were used in this paper. These flux probes have been used to develop a methodology for detecting shorted turns in an operating generator's rotor. The flux probes sense the rotor winding slot leakage flux and produce a voltage proportional to the rate of change of the flux. This pattern of flux variation is the signature unique to each rotor winding. An appropriate waveform analysis technique canidentify the pole location, the slot number, and the number of shorted turns within each slot. Shorted turns in field winding of gas turbine generator(125.7 MVA) were detected to twelve turns on al total 190 turns.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.11-22
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• 1998

The absolute absorbed dose can be determined according to the measurement conditions ; measurement material, detector, energy and calibration protocols. The purpose of this study is to compare the absolute absorbed dose due to the differences of measurement condition and calibration protocols for photon beams. Dosimetric measurements were performed with a farmer type PTW and NEL ionization chambers in water, solid water, and polystyrene phantoms using 6MV photon beams from Siemens linear accelerator. Measurements were made along the central axis of $10{\times}10cm$ field size for constant target to surface distance of 100cm for water, solid water and polystyrene phantom. Theoretical absorbed dose intercomparisons between TG21 and IAEA protocol were performed for various measurement combinations on phantom, ion chamber, and electrometer. There were no significant differences of absorbed dose value between TG2l and IAEA protocol. The differences between two protocols are within $1\%\;while\;the\;average\;value\;of\;IAEA\;protocol\;was\;0.5\%$ smaller than TG2l protocol. For the purpose of comparison, all the relative absorbed dose were nomalized to NEL ion chamber with Keithley electrometer and water phantom, The average differences are within $1\%,\;but\;individual\;discrepancies\;are\;in\;the\;range\;of\;-2.5\%\;to\;1.2\%$ depending upon the choice of measurement combination. The largest discrepancy of $-25\%$ was observed when NEL ion chamber with Keithley electrometer is used in solid water phantom. The main cause for this discrepancy is due to the use of same parameters of stopping power, absorption coefficient, etc. as used in water phantom. It should be mentioned that the solid water phantom is not recommended for absolute dose calibration as the alternative of water, since absorbed dose show some dependency on phantom material other than water. In conclusion, the trend of variation was not much dependent on calibration protocol. However, It shows that absorbed dose could be affected by phantom material other than water.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.9-15
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• 2006

The quality of wood is largely depend on the characteristics of xylem tissue and their variation. They may include tracheid length, microfibril angle, distribution and amount of resin canal, as well as specific gravity as indicator of material properties. In this study, variation of these elements between and within 30 superior families of Pinus densifloa in progeny test forest were examined and the results are as follows; In terms of elongation ratio of tracheid length which is less than 1%, the sample tree showed a transition to matured wood after 13 years particularly in Kangwon 25, 30, 90, 56 and Chungnam 4 families. The average specific gravity were from 0.35 to 0.49, and differences between the families were significant. Number of transverse resin canal per unit area were also found to be significant between the families. The microfibril angles measured at 15th ring number ranged from 0.9 degree to 28.6 degree. More studies are necessary to tell whether these variation is inherited by genetic or individual characteristic. However it would be desirable that these elements be considered as key elements in the early stage of selection process of superior tree to ensure good quality of wood production in future.