• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.66-71
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• 1977

The growth of red and black pines in Muan, Seochen, Gapyeong and Kochang areas was compared by means of the growth of annual ring width and stem analysis to study the process of damages caused by pine needle gall midge. Red pine forest of Seocheon area began to suffer by pine needle gall midge from 1961 and the damage was to becoming severe from 1967. The damage became so intense tha tmany forests are withering to death from spring of 1975. Black pine forest also began to suffer from 1973. Red pine forest of Muan area was supposed to be suffered from 1973. Red pine forest of Kochang area suffered by pine needle gall midge from 1967. It seems that the damage became severe from 1973 and that black pine forest was also badly damaged from that time. Red pine forest of the control plot, Gapyeong area, began to suffer from 1967 and it also became intense from 1973. Although the areas of Seocheon, Muan, Kochang, and Gapyeong are different from each other in terms of locality and the infitration period of pine needle gall equally from 1967 due to mass development of population or other factors and the damage became more intense from 1973. Black pine forest was also badly damaged from that time. Black pine seems to be stronger in insect resistant than red pine. This can be justified by the fact that it began to suffer belatedly in each area and the degree of damage is moderate. The damage of Seocheon area is the severest following Kochang. Muan area is relatively moderate but the forest becoming decrease in growth.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.601-606
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• 2023

The edible sweetener aspartame is formed from the synthesis of asparagine, one of the amino acids, and phenylalanine. It is a protein ingredient that produces sweetness 200 times higher than sucrose, and is used as a diet product because it is a substance that can replace sugar. Although the effects on animals and humans have been well studied, no studies have been conducted on plant metabolism. In this study, the effect of aspartame metabolism was tested using germinated onion, bean sprouts, and Kalanchoe. The three types of plants with germinated roots showed rapid growth in the early stage of treatment with 1mM aspartame, and showed a nutrient supply effect due to the effect of amino acids, which are constituents. However, when treated for 4 weeks, symptoms similar to lateral roots appear in the form of lignification in onions, the effect of quickly withering is seen in bean sprouts, and senescence of roots appears in 12-week-old Kalanchoe. All of them show accelerated aging after the growth phase. This shows that, among the two amino acids, asparagine is related to auxin generation that induces rapid growth, and it is thought to be the result of lignification due to the effect of phenylalanine.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.146-177
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the teeth and Zhang-Fu(臟腑), dental diseases, and the hygiene of the mouth through the literature of oriental medicine. First, the relatonship between the teeth and Zhang-Fu is reviewed as follows: The teeth are influenced by Shen(腎) because they are the end of bone and Biao(標) of Shen. Gingiva is related to Wei(胃) and Da-Chang(大腸) because it is passed by Yangming-Channel(陽明經). The growth and nutrition of teeth depends on Shen. The pathological condition of Shen causes the gingival atrophy, the loose of teeth, dedentition due to aging, withering of teeth, and tartar: whereas the pathological condition of Wei and Da-Chang causes toothache, gingivitis, inflamed gums, bad breath, and gingival hemorrhage. Second, the causes and therapies of dental diseases through the literature can be summarized as follows: The major causes of toothache are the pathogenic condition of wind-heat and wind-cold, the heat syndrome of Wei, the damp-heat of intestine, flaring-up of fire of deficiency type, rotten tooth, etc... The principal causes of dedentition and the shaking and loose of teeth are the deficiency of Shen, and the rest of causes are the damp-heat of Yangming. Gingival atrophy is caused by the deficiency of Shen, whereas the gingival hemorrhage comes from the factors in the pathogenic factor of wind-heat of Yangming-Channel, the heat syndrome of stomach, and the deficiency of Shen. The causes of grinding of teeth during sleeping are stomach-heat, and the delayed dentition and the withering result from the deficiency of Shen-Jing.(腎精) The principal therapies of toothache are removing wind and heat, clearing away heat and prompting diuresis, clearing away the stomach-heat, replenishing vital essence to tonify the Shen, relieving superficial syndrome by wind-cold, and alleviating pain by destroying parasites. For the prescription of the principal therapies, there are Xijio Dihuang Tang, Jiajian Ganlu Yin, Qufeng Wan, Qingwei San, Tiaowei Chenggi Tang Shengong Wan, Liangge San Qingwei Tang Yunu Jian, Liuwei Dihuang Wan Zuogui Yin Bawei Wan Wanshao Dan, Xixin San Badou Wan Gianghuo Fuzi Tang, Jiuzi Tang Badou Wan, etc... The therapies of dedentition and the shaking and loose of teeth are replenishing vital essence to tonify the Shen, and warming and recuperating the Shen-Yang: as the prescription, there are Liuwei Dihuang Wana Zuogui Yin, and Bawei Wan Anshen Wan Wanshao Dan Yougui Wan etc... The therapies of gingival hemorrhage are clearing away the stomach-heat, replenishing vital essence to tonify the Shen, warming and recuperating the Shen-Yang(腎陽), and moisturing and purging intence heat with the prescription of Tiaowei Chenggi Tang Xijiao Dihuang Tang, Liuwei Dihuang Wan Zuogui Yin, Bawei Wan Anshen Wan, and Yunu Jian. The therapy of gingival atrophy is replenishing vital essence to tonify the Shen in the prescription of Liuwei Wan Bawei Wan Ziyin Dabu Wan. The therapies of grinding of teeth during sleeping are clearing away the stomach-heat and purging intense heat, and invigorating the spleen through eliminating dampness in the prescription of Qingwei San, Wumei Wan, etc... The therapy of delaed dentition is replenishing vital essence to tonify the Shen with the prescription of Liuwei Wan Buyin Jian, etc... Third, clinical treatment reports of dental diseases are reviewed as follows: The toothache due to stomach-heat was treated by medical herbs like Gypsum, Natrir Sulfas, Rehmanniae, Schizonepetal Herba, Menthae Folium, Cimicifugae Rhizoma, and Scrophulariae Radix. The therapies of toothache due to flaring-up of fire in deficiency type from deficiency of Shen provided with replenishment of vital essence to tonify the Shen and clean ministerial fire, and the prescription was the kind of Liuwei Wan, which worked very well. The therapy of dedentition and loose of teeth due to deficiency of Shen was done to stablize the teeth as tonifing the Shen with the prescription of Guchi Wan. The rate of imrovement was over 90%. The destruction of periodontal tissue due to periodonititis was cured of dispelling wind, reducing heat, and alleviating pain, It was improved by taking Zizhi Xingiong Tang, Guchi Xiaotong San, Yunii Jian, and Qingwei San about 3-7 days, and the rate of improvement was over 80%. Fourth, the prevention and regimens are reviewed as follows: As a physical and breathing exercise of the teeth, tapping teeth which stimulates the circulation of Qi(氣) and Xue(血) had been used. The tapping time of 14, 17, 36, etc... has been reported, and it should be applied based on the body condition. The medical herbs for gargling and brushing teeth have been used. Specifically, Cimicifugae Rhizoma, Gypsum, Gypsum Fibrosum, and Indigo pulrelrata Lereis have been used to reduce heat, Coptidis Rhizama and Yang Jinggu to eliminate damp-heat, Amomi Semen, Cyperi Rhizoma, Flos Caryophylli, Asari Radix, Piperis Longi Fructus, Santali Albae Lignum, Meliae Fructus, Moschus, Aquillaiae Lignum, and Borneol to promote the circulation of Qi and to relieve pain, Ligustici Radix, Angelice Radix, Rhizoma Nardostachydis, Tribuli Semen to relieve superficial syndrome by means of diaphiresis, and Cnidii Rhizoma, Angelicae sinensis Radix, and Olibanum to promote blood circulation to stop pain.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.52-56
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• 1985

For the fundamental studies of radiation breeding in edible marine algae, the biological effects on conchospores of Porphyra species by gamma-irradiation were examined. Two varieties, Keun-cham-gim (Porphyra tenera Kjell. form tamatsuensis Miura) and Saga No.5, were chosen for this study, and their conchospores after r-irradiation($5.0{\sim}20.0$ KR) were cultured for 50 days. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. Gamma-irradiation in less than the dose of 20KR did not affect germination of conchospores, and almost all spores grew into two cells germ in 24 hours after irradiation, but withering germs were gradually increased in number according to higher exposure within 5 days old culture. 2. High irradiation caused the induction of giant cells, abnormal useless growth of hold-fast, lumpish thalli and callus-like lumpy tissues. 3. The liberation of neutral spores from young germs and carpospores from mature thalli were observed on the frond exposed at $10{\sim}20$ KR irradiation. All spores were normal in division and its size. 4. The best irradiation effect on growth of Keun-cham-gim was observed at 10 KR dose, whose growth-rates were $140\%$ in wet weight and $108\%$ in mean frond area, but only $48\%$ was recorded in wet weight at 20 KR exposure. Saga No.5 were in contrast with Keun-cham-gim, and their most growth-rate was $400\%$ in wet weight ($258\%$ in frond area) at 10 KR irradiation and the worst was $20\%$ at the dose of 20 KR. 5. The withering phenomenon to death by treatment of gamma-ray presented substantial difference between two varieties. Survival rate compared with control in Keun-cham-gim was $70.7\%$ at 20 KR, but that in Saga No.5 recorded $47.0\%$ at same dose. 6. Synthesizing the results of high and low r-irradiation, it was suggested tat high r-irradiation in more than 5.0 KR inhibited conspicuously the growth of germs derived from conchospores, and about half of them withered at 15.0 KR dose or more.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.110-117
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• 2012

This study was performed to determine light-adaptability under indoor lighting for Korean wild Daphniphyllum macropodum, and to provide an introduction plan for indoor spaces of landscape architecture. The experimental plants, Daphniphyllum macropodum were purchased from a farmhouse in Jejudo as anannualplant, and it was acclimatized in the glass-green house of the general farm of Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology for40 days. The experiment was performed from February 15, 2010 to November 15, 2010. First, in the case of the fluorescent lamp, the growth and development condition was poor because the plants withered, or the leaves fell off under the 100lux to 500lux, but the condition under 1,000lux was good In the aspects of the number of leaves, form of the tree, photosynthesis rate in its body, and the value of sight, the best light intensity for the growth condition was under the 1,000lux. Second, in the case of the LED light, the growth and development condition was poor because the plants withered, or the leaves fell off under 100lux to 1,000lux, but the smooth growth and development was done under a more light intensity. The best intensity for the growth condition was under 2,000lux. Third, in the case of the three-wave light, the withering was serious by 1,000lux, and the growth and development was the worst amongst the four introduced lighting systems, therefore, growth under the three-wave light was incongruous. The best intensity for the growth condition was under 2,000lux. Fourth, in the case of the optical fiver, the withering did not existed under 100lux and growth was possible. The growth and development was the amongst in the four introduced lighting systems. Generally, in the more light intensity, more growth was observed, but the value of sight was higher under 1,000lux than under 2,000lux because the falling rate of leaves and the form of the tree was stable. The most effective light was under 1,000lux due to the high photosynthesis in its body. When Daphniphyllum macropodum is introduced into the indoor landscaping space considering the light, the optical fiber, fluorescent lamp, and LED light are suitable to introduce. The three-wave light is unfit. The most proper light intensity by the light source, in the case of the optical fiber, and fluorescent lamp, is 1,000lux, and, in the case of LED light, is 2,000lux. The wild Daphniphyllum macropodum is the species of tree to substitute the Schefflera actinophylla which is the introduced species, and it is expected to be use as the central tree in indoor spaces.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.51-59
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• 2017

This study evaluated the drought tolerance of Liriope platyphylla F.T.Wang & T.Tang, Dendranthema zawadskii var. lucidum (Nakai) J.H.Park, Hosta longipes (Franch. & Sav.) Matsum., Sedum sarmentosum Bunge and Zoysia japonica Steud. for an extensive green roof. In order to assess drought tolerance of green roof plants, several criteria were measured such as volumetric water content, leaf and soil moisture potential, chlorophyll a and b, chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and antioxidants. The results of the drought tolerance measurement of green roof plants focused on the gradually withering of plants from lack of volumetric water content. D. zawadskii was the first to show an initial wilting point, followed by Z. japonica, H. longipes and L. platyphylla in order while S. sarmentosum showed no withering. It was concluded that H. longipes, L. platyphylla and S. sarmentosum were highly drought tolerant plants able to survive over three weeks. Furthermore, chlorophyll a and b were divided into two types: Type I, which kept regular content from the beginning to the middle of the period and suddenly declined, like H. longipes and Z. japonica; and Type II, which showed low content at the beginning, sharply increased at the middle stage and decreased, like D. zawadskii, L. platyphylla and S. sarmentosum. Volumetric water content and the amount of evapotranspiration consistently declined in all plant species. The analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence results that S. sarmentosum, which had relatively high drought tolerance, was the last to decline, while Z. japonica and S. sarmentosum withered after rapid reduction. At first, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate showed high activity, but they lowered as the plant body closed stomata owing to the decrease in volumetric water content. Measuring antioxidants showed that when drought stress increased, the amount of antioxidants grew as well. However, when high moisture stress was maintained, this compound was continuously consumed. Therefore, the variation of antioxidants was considered possible for use as one of the indicators of drought tolerance evaluation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.122-128
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• 2001

In order to find out the effect of nitrogen fertilizers on soil pH, EC, $NO_3-N$ and lettuce growth, this study was conducted by pot experiment in plastic film house condition. The square-pot which was $42{\times}54.5{\times}22cm$ in length, width and height, respectively, was filled with two kinds of soils in different soil EC as $0.20dS\;m^{-1}$ and $1.13dS\;m^{-1}$. Seven kinds of nitrogen fertilizers (urea, potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, complex fertilizer A(11-10-10) and complex fertilizer B(12-12-12)) were treated in same standard rate of nitrogen for lettuce, transplanted the six lettuce seedlings of 10 days grown per pot, and have been grown for 38~44 days with three times harvesting. Soil pH was increased with the potassium and calcium nitrate treatments and decreased with ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, complex fertilzer A and B, and the pH of urea treatments was kept the same value as the pH of before experiment. The growing status of lettuce seedling were surveyed during the early period after transplanting and withering of seedling was occured in all treatments. The withering rates were 10% in soil of EC $0.20dS\;m^{-1}$ and 44% and 42% in complex fertilizer and ammonium sulphate treaments, respectively, in soil of EC $1.13dS\;m^{-1}$. $NO{_3}^-$ contents of lettuce were about $1,000{\sim}2,000mg\;kg^{-1}$ based on fresh weight and these contents were considered to be lower to compare the $NO{_3}^-$ level of EU countries.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.16 no.1 s.30
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• pp.41-45
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• 1977

The systemic insecticides carbofuran $(Curaterr\; 3\%\; G)$ mephosfolan $(Cytrolane\; 2\%\; G)$ and disulfoton$(Disyston\; 5\%\; G)$ were evaluated in the field for conrol of some insects on soybeans when the insecticides were applied in seeding-pits at the rates of 4.6, 9.2 and 13.8 mg(a.i)/pit at the planting time. Control of the soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) and the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus telarius(L.)) on soybeans was obtained for about 2 to 3 months, but their treatments were ineffective against the soybean moth (Grapholitha glycinivorella Matsumura). For the control of aphids and mites, disulfoton was better than carbofuran and mephosfolan. The insecticides slightly reduced the soybean stands, while the low-dose treatments of carbofuran slightly increased the stands. Carbofuran and mephosfolan caused severe phytotoxicity at the early stages, but disulfoton showed slight or negligible phytotoxicity. The phytotoxic symptoms in carbofuran and mephosfolan treatments were shelving the large number of brown or black-brown spots on the cotyledon and the first-leaves, and in addition to that showing necrosis along the leaf-margin. The symptoms in disulfoton treatments were slight withering along the leaf-margin of the first-leaves. In spite of good control of aphids and mites, there were no differences in soybean yield.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.198-206
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the damage caused by rodents in the area around Seseokpyeongjeon in Jirisan National Park and identify suspected perpetrating species by analyzing rodent excrement found near the damaged trees. Damaged trees were surveyed regardless of species of trees in the exploration trail in the target site where visual observation was possible. Sequencing analysis of mitochondrial DNA Cyt-b was performed on rodent excrement around the damaged trees to identify the perpetrating species. A total of 52 trees were damaged by rodents, and they were all identified to be Korean Fir (Abies koreana) and were concentrated in places where Korean Fir formed communities with high density. A total of 40 Korean Fir over 1.5 meters high were surveyed, and only the affected branches, not the whole tree, were found to be withered in 39 of them. A total of 12 Korean Fir under 1.5 meters high were surveyed, and 7 of which were found to have been completely withered, indicating that relatively young trees were more vulnerable to withering. The genetic sequencing analysis of excrement confirmed that the species that perpetrated the Korean Fir was Craseomys regulus.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.224-234
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• 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the vegetation structure of Zone 2 of Mudeungsan National Park Old Trail. A total of 60 survey plots were installed to survey the forest structure, and TWINSPAN and DCA analysis classified them into 5 communities. The community I was classified into Deciduous broad-leaf tree, II into Pinus densiflora-Quercus serrata, III into Quercus serrata, IV into Lindera erythrocarpa, and V into Quercus mongolica. The grouped communities showed some differences in species compositions according to elevation. In the four communities except for community IV, Styrax japonicus and Sasa borealis formed a dominant population in understory layers and in shrub layers, respectively, and the current community forms are expected to be maintained. Monitoring of vegetation succession of lower vegetation after temporary flowering and withering in the ridges developed in the shrub layers in communities II through IV is required. In the long-term aspect, the competition between the pine tree and oak tree communities requires observation of a decrease in the power of the pine tree community. Mudeungsan National Park's Old Trail ecologically valuable as it has a vegetation structure that is distinctively classified according to altitude and is a habitat of Lindera sericea, the flagship species of Mudeungsan National Park. It means that the excellent forest ecosystem of Old Trail must be conserved through sustainable utilization.