• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.2701-2722
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• 2017

Key generation is essential for protecting wireless networks. Based on wireless channel reciprocity, transceivers can generate shared secret keys by measuring their communicating channels. However, due to non-simultaneous measurements, asymmetric noises and other interferences, channel measurements collected by different transceivers are highly correlated but not identical and thus might have some discrepancies. Further, these discrepancies might lead to mismatches of bit sequences after quantization. The referred mismatches significantly affect the efficiency of key generation. In this paper, an efficient key generation scheme leveraging wireless channel reciprocity is proposed. To reduce the bit mismatch rate and enhance the efficiency of key generation, the involved transceivers separately apply discrete cosine transform (DCT) and inverse discrete cosine transform (IDCT) to pre-process their measurements. Then, the outputs of IDCT are quantified and encoded to establish the bit sequence. With the implementations of information reconciliation and privacy amplification, the shared secret key can be generated. Several experiments in real environments are conducted to evaluate the proposed scheme. During each experiment, the shared key is established from the received signal strength (RSS) of heterogeneous devices. The results of experiments demonstrate that the proposed scheme can efficiently generate shared secret keys between transceivers.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.4041-4059
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• 2019

Key establishment method based on channel reciprocity for time division duplex (TDD) system has earned a vital consideration in the majority of recent research. While most of the cellular systems rely on frequency division duplex (FDD) systems, especially the 5G network, which is not characterized by the channel reciprocity feature. This paper realizes the generation of a group secret key for multi-terminals communicated through a wireless network in FDD mode, by utilizing the nature of the physical layer for the wireless links between them. I consider a new group key generation approach, which using bitwise XOR with a modified pairwise secret key generation approach not based on the channel reciprocity feature. Precisely, this multi-node secret key agreement technique designed for three wireless network topologies: 1) the triangle topology, 2) the multi-terminal star topology, and 3) the multi-node chain topology. Three multi-node secret key agreement protocols suggest for these wireless communication topologies in FDD mode, respectively. I determine the upper bound for the generation rate of the secret key shared among multi-node, for the three multi-terminals topologies, and give numerical cases to expose the achievement of my offered technique.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.424-442
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• 2014

Most recent research on iterative solutions for interference alignment (IA) presents solutions assuming channel reciprocity based on the suppression of interference from undesired sources by using an appropriate decoding matrix also known as a receiver combining matrix for multiple input multiple output (MIMO) interference channel networks and reciprocal networks. In this paper, we present an alternative solution for IA by designing precoding and decoding matrices based on the concept of signal leakage (the measure of signal power that leaks to unintended users) on each transmit side. We propose an iterative algorithm for an IA solution based on maximization of the signal-to-leakage-and-noise ratio (SLNR) of the transmitted signal from each transmitter. In order to make an algorithm removing the requirement of channel reciprocity, we deploy maximization of the signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) in the design of the decoding matrices. We show through simulation that minimizing the leakage in each transmission can help achieve enhanced performance in terms of aggregate sum capacity in the system.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.524-539
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• 2014

To investigate schemes of secret key generation from Ultra-wideband (UWB) channel, we study a statistical characterization of UWB outdoor channel for a campus playground scenario based on extensive measurements. Moreover, an efficient secret key generation mechanism exploiting multipath relative delay is developed, and verification of this algorithm is conducted in UWB Line-of-sight (LOS) outdoor channels. For the first time, we compare key-mismatch probability of UWB indoor and outdoor environments. Simulation results demonstrate that the number of multipath proportionally affects key generation rate and key-mismatch probability. In comparison to the conventional method using received signal strength (RSS) as a common random source, our mechanism achieves better performance in terms of common secret bit generation. Simultaneously, security analysis indicates that the proposed scheme can still guarantee security even in the sparse outdoor physical environment free of many reflectors.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제8권10호
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• pp.3557-3571
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• 2014

We develop a secret key generation scheme using phase estimation in ultra-wideband (UWB) wireless fading channels. Based on the reciprocity theorem, two terminals extract the phase of the channel as a common random source to generate secret bits. Moreover, we study the secret key rate by a pair of nodes observing correlated sources and communicating to achieve secret key agreement over public communication channels. As our main results, we establish a more practical upper bound from Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) and compare it with a universally theoretical upper bound on the shared maximum key rate from mutual information of correlated random sources. Derivation and numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the bound. Simulation studies are also provided to validate feasibility and efficiency of the proposed scheme.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제39A권12호
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• pp.708-717
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 무선 네트워크를 위하여 키 분배 관리 기반구조에 의존하지 않으며 완전 자율적이고 분산 구조의 초경량 보안 키 분배 방식을 제안하였다. 제안된 방식은 밥과 엘리스라 불리는 두 명의 적법한 사용자(legitimate users)들이 시분할 이중통신 (TDD, Time Division Duplex)방식으로 통신을 수행한다고 가정하며 채널의 쌍대성(reciprocity)에 의하여 상관성 (correlation)이 큰 무선 채널 이득을 가지는 것으로 가정하였다. 이러한 무선채널 이득을 두 적법한 사용자가 각자 독립적으로 양자화하여 얻은 무작위 비트 배열의 쌍을 생성하고 이를 보안 키로 사용하는 방식을 제안한다. 특히, 본 논문에서는 이러한 키 분배 프로토콜을 위한 적응형 양자화 기법을 제안하였다. 제안된 기법은 채널의 변화에 따라 양자화 임계값을 조정함으로써 앨리스와 밥에 의해 생성된 비트 배열 사이의 불일치 확률을 줄일 수 있는 장점을 가지고 있다. 또한 BCH 부호와 같은 실용적인 저 복잡도 부호를 사용하여 비트 배열의 쌍 간의 불일치를 정정하고 앨리스와 밥이 공유하게 될 보안키를 생성한다. 비밀 키 추출효율을 최대화하기 위해 양자화 단계와 BCH 부호의 부호율을 최적화시켰으며, 제안된 보안키 추출 시스템을 802.11a 기반의 무선 네트워크 카드를 이용하여 구현하였다. 하드웨어 기반의 실험을 통해 실내 환경에서 초 당 1비트 이상의 보안 키를 획득하는 것이 가능함을 실험적으로 보였다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제11권10호
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• pp.5080-5097
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• 2017

Channel characteristics-based secret key generation is an effective physical-layer security method. The issues of how to remove the effect of random noise and to balance the key generation rate (KGR) and the bit mismatch rate (BMR) are needed to be addressed. In this paper, to reduce the effect of random noise and extract more secret bits, a new quantization scheme with high key generation rate and low bit mismatch rate is proposed. In our proposed scheme, we try to use all measurements and correct the differences caused by noise at the boundary regions instead of simply dropping them. We evaluate and discuss the improvements of our proposed scheme. The results show that our proposed scheme achieves lower bit mismatch rate as well as remaining high key generation rate.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.215-221
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• 2005

We describe the development of a prototype multi-channel electrical impedance tomography (EIT) system. The EIT system can be equipped with either a single-ended current source or a balanced current source. Each current source can inject current between any chosen pair of electrodes. In order to reduce the data acquisition time, we implemented multiple digital voltmeters simultaneously acquiring and demodulating voltage signals. Each voltmeter measures a differential voltage between a fixed pair of adjacent electrodes. All voltmeters are configured in a radially symmetric architecture to optimize the routing of wires and minimize cross-talks. To maximize the signal-to-noise ratio, we implemented techniques such as digital waveform generation, Howland current pump circuit with a generalized impedance converter, digital phase-sensitive demodulation, tri-axial cables with both grounded and driven shields, and others. The performance of the EIT system was evaluated in terms of common-mode rejection ratio, signal-to-noise ratio, and reciprocity error. Future design of a more innovative EIT system including battery operation, miniaturization, and wireless techniques is suggested.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.477-483
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• 2016

본 논문은 다중 셀 상향링크 네트워크에서 사용자의 신호 대 발생 간섭 및 잡음비 (SGINR)를 최대화하기 위하여 간섭인지 및 전력제어 기술을 이용한 분산 스케쥴링 방식을 제안한다. 먼저 시분할 시스템의 상호 호환성 특성을 이용하여 각 사용자는 인접 기지국으로부터 받은 파일럿 신호를 통하여 채널을 습득하고 데이터 전송 시 인접 셀 기지국들에 미칠 간섭을 각자 계산할 수 있다고 가정한다. 제안한 스케쥴링은 사용자가 인접 셀 기지국에 미치는 간섭의 양을 계산하여 미리 결정된 임계값보다 클 경우 자기 신호의 송신 전력을 낮추는 전력 제어 알고리즘을 이용하여 사용자를 분산적으로 선택한다. 제안한 기법의 상향링크 데이터 전송률은 기존의 사용자 스케쥴링 알고리즘들에 비하여 월등히 좋은 성능을 보인다.