• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.157-164
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• 2017

In 2015, a nervous necrosis virus (NNV) was isolated from sevenband grouper, Epinephelus septemfasciatus, maintained in land-based aquaculture system at below $12^{\circ}C$ in winter. Mortality was up to 30% in brood fish, over 4 kg of body weight. Moribund fish showed clinical sings typical of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), also called viral nervous necrosis (VNN), such as uncoordinated, corkscrew-like swimming behavior, belly-up at rest, darkening of body, cloudy eyeball and hyperinflation of the swim bladder. Aetiology of the disease was confirmed by gross observation of clinical signs, histopathology and molecular diagnosis. Histological studies revealed severe vacuolation and necrosis in the brain. Molecular diagnosis by revere transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) specific to batanodavirus yielded a positive result. The nucleotide sequences of the PCR-amplified fragment were 99.48~100% similar to barfin flounder nervous necrosis virus (BFNNV) genotype and most closely aligned with Pacific cod betanodavirus (PCNNV). This is the first report of natural batanodavirus, NNV infection in sevenband grouper reared in low water temperature during winter (below $12^{\circ}C$) in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 2003

The present study was conducted to examine the outbreak state of bovine dermatophytosis in 14 farms(4 dairy farms, 10 Korean indigenous cattle farms) in Gyeongbuk province from November 2000 to November 2001. The causative agents of dermatophytosis was identified by mycological examination. Antifungal susceptibility test of 26 isolates was performed by agar dilution method, using 5 antifungal drugs. Prevalence of bovine dermatophytosis was found to be 13.5%(90/665) in dairy cattle farms and 14.5%(220/1,520) in Korean indigenous cattle farms. The most common age at which this disease occurred was 2-12 months. This disease usually occurred from winter to spring and the occurrence subsequently decreased in the summer. But 4 Korean indigenous cattle farms with poorly hygienic status were occurred all the year round. The causative agent was identified as Trichophyton verrucosum exclusively in these case. Antifungal susceptibility test of T verrucosum (26 strains) was performed by agar dilution method, using 5 antifungal drugs including tolnaftate, griseofulvin, ketoconazole, amphotericin B and terbinafine. All isolates were highly sensitive to 5 antifungal drugs (geometric mean MICs 0.004∼0.032 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$). The isolates were the most sensitive to especially tolnaftate.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.46-55
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• 2012

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is highly contagious and highly lethal to cloven-hoofed animals. In the winter of 2010, an outbreak of FMD in Korea caused a great deal of economic damage as well as serious mental and physical damage to people who participated in preventive activities. This study provides preliminary data for designing safe and functional protective clothing and gear for individuals who participate in FMD preventive activities. This study was accomplished with multilateral methods such as a documentary survey, field trips, sample analysis of protective clothing and gear, questionnaire studies and focus interviews. As a result, we found that most workers wore low-priced protective clothing that was low in safety functions and rarely wore extra protective gear. Also pointed out was dissatisfaction with: protective clothing and gear, problems related to damage, discomfort, contamination, problems in protective gear related to waterproof functions, protection against harmful substances, discomfort, coldness, and damage. Safe protective clothing could be developed that protects the actual wearers if these results are reflected in the improvement of protective clothing and gear.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.103-106
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• 2003

Among silkworm diseases, white muscardine is the most virulent and contagious disease caused by Beauveria bassiana and common during winter and rainy seasons. The disease is managed at present by practicing the silkworm body and rearing seat disinfection to prevent the spread of white muscardine during silkworm rearing as the available methods do not cure the silkworms against white muscardine. The use of systemic fungicide was suggested recently to control white muscardine. The present study investigated the practicability of application aspect of systemic fungicide as spray, It is observed that 3 times feeding of systemic fungicide through mulberry leaf, fed immediately after third, fourth moult and on $4^{th}$ day of final instar as most effective in suppressing the multiplication of the fungus in silkworm. Spraying of the systemic fungicide on mulberry in the rearing house, air-dried and feeding was suggested as suitable application method. Alternately the spraying of the systemic fungicide on mulberry in mulberry garden 6 hrs prior to feeding was also suggested as a method for the control of white muscardine in silkworm rearing.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.147-152
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of application time and amount of liquid pig manure on growth and yield of rice plant and infiltration water quality. Liquid manure treatment with higher application rate and closer application time to transplanting time showed higher plant height and number of tiller at panicle formation stage, but it caused the plant disease and pest and lodging. In liquid manure treatment with higher application rate, number of panicles per hill and number of spikelets per panicle were higher but yield of rice was less than chemical fertilizer treatment due to low rate of ripeness and 1,000 grain weight. $NO_3-N$ concentration in infiltration water sample was increased with increasing application amount of liquid manure and closer application time to transplanting of rice plant. With consideration yield of rice and environment such as groundwater quality, the proper application amount were 150% and 100% of recommending N fertilizer level (11kg) at before winter and April or May treatment, respectively.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.161-163
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• 2006

During winter season of 2004 to 2006, a scab disease on balsam pear (Momordica charantia) caused by Cladosporium cucumerinum was observed in Daesan-myon, Changwon-city, Gyeongnam province, Koyea. The disease symptom started with small dark brown speck on the fruits and leaves then the lesions expanded and spreaded irregularly. The aggregated mycelial mass and conidia of the fungus formed sooty scab. The colony of purely isolated fungus grew in greenish black to velvety on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Conidia were ellipsoidal, fusiform or subspherical, mostly one-celled but occasionally septated and $3{\sim}32{\times}2{\sim}6{\mu}m$ in size. The conidiophores were erected and had long branch, chains pale olivaceous brown in color and $6{\times}280{\mu}m$ in size. Ramoconidia were $10{\sim}34{\times}3{\sim}8{\mu}m$ in size. The fungus was identified as Cladosporium cucumerinum based on the morphological characteristics. The pathogenicity of the fungus was confirmed according to Koch's postulate. The optimum temperature of the isolate was about $20^{\circ}C$. This is the first report on scab of balsam pear caused by C. cucumerinum in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.193-197
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• 2015

Background: Herpes Zoster is a disease that occurs after the virus is reactivated due to infection of the varicella virus in childhood. Risk factors are advanced age, malignant neoplasm, organ transplantation, immunosuppressive agents taking are known. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the seasonal effect and other risk factors on the incidence of herpes zoster. Methods: The medical records of 1,105 patients admitted to the outpatient diagnosed with herpes zoster were retrospectively examined. The patients' sex, age, dermatome, onset, underlying disease, residential areas were collected. Results: The incidence of women outnumbered men and increased for those above the age of 50. The number of occurrences of herpes zoster patients was higher in the spring and summer than in winter. Unlike men, women had the most frequent outbreaks in March. The most common occurrence of dermatome is in the thoracic region. The number of occurrence was similar on the left as the right. Conclusions: In this study, herpes zoster occurs more often in women than in men and more frequently occurs in women in the spring and summer.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.147-158
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the situation of occurrence of disease and accidence of child care center. The subjects of this study were 17 public district child care centers, but only one center kept their health diary. Therefore, it became finally the only subject for this study. The data were collected through the analysis it's health diary and case reports for emergency. The collected data were analyzed by the number of cases, age and sex, types of case, and the emergency case were analyzed by age, background, types of accidents and follow up. The number of cases of disease and accident in 2002 were 572. In sexual difference, boys more have accident than girls. The teachers and the outsiders also frequently use the health care service. Smallpox and epidemic conjunctivitis were spreaded during winter and summer. In causes of accidents, 'accident by other child' were 98%. In emergency cases, 1 pierced wound, 1 dislocation, 2 dental emergencies, 4 eyeball contusion and bleedings and 2 burns were occurred. all the cases of emergency were performed follow up education. On the basis of above data, there will be needed to intensify health and safety subjects in curriculum for the teacher of child care, and health and safety education for child. Each child care centers must have health care manager and the network for emergency. To enhance the quality of child care service, government have to offer financial and systematical support.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.184-193
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• 1986

Interrelation between environmental influences on soil microorganisms and it's effect on disease development in ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) field were studied to obtain a preventive measures against the root rot of ginseng caused by soil-borne pathogens in soil in three major Korean ginseng producing areas such as Kumsan, Goesan and Poonggi. Populations of actinomycetes were relatively high in fall season from September to November. Their numbers were highly populated in healthy plot in field than replanted disease field of ginseng, whereas ratio of Trichoderma spp to actinomycetes increased in healthy plot of field indicating the higher numbers of Trichoderma spp pressented in healthy plot field. The numbers of propagules of Trichoderma spp generally increased in early summer through early fall season. Their numbers were also highly populated in the healthy plot of fields. The contents of organic matter and phosphate in healthy plot of field were somewhat high, and phophate/organic matter ratio and Mg content were high in diseased replanted field. All of the soil samples showed a weak acidic pH from 4.5 to 4.7. Soilmoisture content was increased during winter season and it did not show any significant changes curing the growing period, showing 24.6% in healthy plot in field and 19.5% in deseased plot in field respectively. Soil temperature was highest in July and August and lowest in January and February.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.339-346
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• 2021

Prevalence of tan spot of wheat caused by the fungus Pyrenophora tritici-repentis has become more prevalent in Oklahoma as no-till cultivation in wheat has increased. Hence, developing wheat varieties resistant to tan spot has been emphasized, and selecting pathogen isolates to screen for resistance to this disease is critical. Twelve isolates of P. tritici-repentis were used to inoculate 11 wheat cultivars in a greenhouse study in splitplot experiments. Virulence of isolates and cultivar resistance were measured in percent leaf area infection for all possible isolate x cultivar interactions. Isolates differed significantly (P < 0.01) in virulence on wheat cultivars, and cultivars differed significantly in disease reaction to isolates. Increased virulence of isolates detected increased variability in cultivar response (percent leaf area infection) (r = 0.56, P < 0.05) while increased susceptibility in cultivars detected increased variance in virulence of the isolates (r = 0.76, P < 0.01). A significant isolate × cultivar interaction indicated specificity between isolates and cultivars, however, cluster analysis indicated low to moderate physiological specialization. Similarity in wheat cultivars in response to pathogen isolates also was determined by cluster analysis. The use of diverse isolates of the fungus would facilitate evaluation of resistance in wheat cultivars to tan spot.