• Mycobiology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.46-51
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• 2014

A degenerated strain of Pleurotus eryngii KNR2312 was isolated from a commercial farm. Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis performed on the genomic DNA of the normal and degenerated strains of this species revealed differences in the DNA banding pattern. A unique DNA fragment (1.7 kbp), which appeared only in the degenerated strain, was isolated and sequenced. Comparing this sequence with the KNR2312 genomic sequence showed that the sequence of the degenerated strain comprised three DNA regions that originated from nine distinct scaffolds of the genomic sequence, suggesting that chromosome-level changes had occurred in the degenerated strain. Using the unique sequence, three sets of PCR primers were designed that targeted the full length, the 5' half, and the 3' half of the DNA. The primer sets P2-1 and P2-2 yielded 1.76 and 0.97 kbp PCR products, respectively, only in the case of the degenerated strain, whereas P2-3 generated a 0.8 kbp product in both the normal and the degenerated strains because its target region was intact in the normal strain as well. In the case of the P2-1 and P2-2 sets, the priming regions of the forward and reverse primers were located at distinct genomic scaffolds in the normal strain. These two primer sets specifically detected the degenerate strain of KNR2312 isolated from various mushrooms including 10 different strains of P. eryngii, four strains of P. ostreatus, and 11 other wild mushrooms.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.119-124
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• 2004

Metalloenzyme was purified from the fruiting bodies of Tricholoma sejunctum. MALDI-TOF and ICP/MS analyses revealed that the enzyme had a molecular weight of 18788.25 and includes $Zn^{2+}$ ion. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the enzyme was Ala-Thr-Tyr-Lys-Ile-X-Ser-Ala-Thr-His-Gln-X-X-Leu-Val. The activity of the enzyme was inhibited by EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline, indicating that the enzyme was a metalloprotease. No inhibition was found with E-64 and pepstatin. It has broad substrate specificity for synthetic peptides. The enzyme was stable up to $40^{\circ}C$. The activity of the enzyme was increased by $Zn^{2+}$ and $Co^{2+}$, while it was totally inhibited by $Hg^{2+}$. The enzyme hydrolyzes $A{\alpha}$ subunit of human fibrinogen but did not show any reactivity for $B{\beta}$ and ${\gamma}$ form of human fibrinogen.

• Mycobiology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.210-214
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• 2007

Antibacterial and antifungal activities of liquid culture filtrate, water and ethanol extract (solid culture) of Stereum ostrea were evaluated against 5 bacteria and 3 plant pathogenic fungi. To determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), we studied $5{\sim}300\;mg/ml$ concentrations against bacteria and fungi separately. The MIC was 10 mg/ml for Bacillus subtilis and 40 mg/ml for Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Colletotrichum miyabeanus. Liquid culture filtrate was more effective against Gram positive than Gram negative bacteria, and Staphylococcus aureus was the most inhibited (20.3 mm) bacterium. Water and ethanol extracts were effective against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, and water extract was better than ethanol extract. In water and ethanol extract, inhibition zones were 23.6 and 21.0 mm (S. aureus) and 26.3 and 22.3 mm (Pseudomonas aeruginosa), respectively. For plant pathogenic fungi, the highest and lowest percent inhibition of mycelial growth (PIMG) was found 82.8 and 14.4 against C. miyabeanus and Botrytis cinerea in liquid culture filtrate, respectively. In water extract, the PIMG was found to be the highest 85.2 and lowest 41.7 for C. miyabeanus and C. gloeosporioides, respectively. The inhibitory effect of ethanol extract was better against C. miyabeanus than C. gloeosporioides and B. cinerea. Among 3 samples, water extract was the best against tested pathogenic fungi. This study offers that the extracts isolated from S. ostrea contain potential compounds which inhibit the growth of both bacteria and fungi.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.67-74
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• 1991

Many people have a growing interest on the health result from economic improvement, various environimental pollution and stress, and unrest on the adult diseases etc.In these result, demand for the herb medicine continues to expand. Farmers of theour country have a hardship in the farm management owing to of opening and liberaliza-tion, and make strenuous efforts on the devclopment of substitute crops to overcomethese differties. Government nowadays recommends the cultivation of the economiccrops like a flowers, medicinal herbs mushroom and clean vegetables. Medicinal herbsare specially profitable among these crops because herbs are possible to culture inwaste land, disused field and slope land, and owing to need less labor and competitionthan those of other crops. The most important problem is the facts that the compli-cation of currency structure of herb medicine inflicts mucll loss to cultivators. Therefore, this study was investigated the state of herb cultivation and the facts to be imploved in currency structure of the harvested herb medicine.1 . The cultivating area and output have been gradually increased and much produc-ted in Kyoungbuk, Kangwon, Choongbuk, Cheonbuk and Cheonnam province in or-der of cultivating area 2. Collection amount of wild herb medicine is decreasig bythe reason of the varous difficulties on the collection. 3. Cultivators of medicinal herbscan make agricultural management more resonable in information exchange on theherb cultivation, purchase of seed, fertilizer, chemicals and other materials, and sell-ing of harvested herb medicine by organization of cultivator fraternity. 4 Cultivatorshave to exclude intermediary margin by the development of direct transaction andcontract cultivation with medicinal herb store, drug manufacturer, chinese meicinehospital and trading firm etc. And also, by the performing exportation with foreign consumer.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.2
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• pp.319-331
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• 2015

The marketing system of non-timber forest products has been criticized as it mainly depends upon private local dealers, having too many steps between producers and consumers, we believe, which makes it less efficient. Meanwhile, there were only a few empirical studies of how they are delivered to consumers. In order to devise and implement targeted forest policies efficiently, it is quite necessary to understand the distribution channel of them. We analyzed the distribution channel of chestnut, bitter persimmon, oak mushroom, and wild greens by data analysis, field and phone survey, and then drew an implication for improving the marketing system. First of all, the number of middle step has to be reduced and the direct transaction has to be expended. In addition, we need to have more active involvement of Forest cooperative in production sites, adding values by processing, and the upgrade of current marketing centers of non-timber forest products, which have been launched since 2004 by Korea Forest Service.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.248-255
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• 2010

We previously demonstrated that root colonization of the rhizobacterium, Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6, induced expression of a galactinol synthase gene (CsGolS1), and resulting galactinol conferred induced systemic resistance (ISR) against fungal and bacterial pathogens in cucumber leaves. To examine the role of galactinol on ISR, drought or high salt stress, we obtained T-DNA insertion Arabidopsis mutants at the AtGolS1 gene, an ortholog of the CsGolS1 gene. The T-DNA insertion mutant compromised resistance induced by the O6 colonization against Erwinia carotovora. Pharmaceutical application of 0.5 - 5 mM galactinol on roots was sufficient to elicit ISR in wild-type Arabidopsis against infection with E. carotovora. The involvement of jasmonic acid (JA) signaling on the ISR was validated to detect increased expression of the indicator gene PDF1.2. The T-DNA insertion mutant also compromised tolerance by increasing galactinol content in the O6-colonized plant against drought or high salt stresses. Taken together, our results indicate that primed expression of the galactinol synthase gene AtGolS1in the O6-colonized plants can play a critical role in the ISR against infection with E. carotovora, and in the tolerance to drought or high salt stresses.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.111-116
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• 2016

Phytochemical investigation of the stems of Pueraria lobata (Wild) Ohwi (Leguminosae), led to the isolation of eighteen known compounds: ${\beta}$-amyrone (1), (+)-pinoresinol (2), (+)-syringaresinol (3) $(+)-syringaresinol-O-{\beta}-{\small{D}}-glucoside$ (4), (+)-lariciresinol (5), (-)-tuberosin (6), naringenin (7), liquiritigenin (8), isoliquiritigenin (9) genistein (10), daidzein (11) daidzin (12) daidzein 4',7-diglucoside (13) 2,4,4'-trihydroxy deoxybenzoin (14), S-(+)-1-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxy-2-methoxy-phenyl)propan-2-one (15), methyl $2-O-{\beta}-{\small{D}}-glucopyranosylbenzoate$ (16), pyromeconic acid $3-O-{\beta}-{\small{D}}-glucopyranoside$ 6'- (O-4''-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoate) (17), and allantion (18). The chemical structures of these compounds were elucidated from spectroscopic data and by comparison of those data with previously published results. The effects of isolated compounds on mushroom tyrosinase enzymatic activity were screened. The results indicated that, chloroform extract of P. lobata stems turned out to be having tyrosinase inhibitory effect, and only compounds 5, 8, 9, and 11 showed enzyme inhibitory activity, with $IC_{50}$ values of $21.49{\pm}4.44$, $25.24{\pm}6.79$, $4.85{\pm}2.29$, and $17.50{\pm}1.29{\mu}M$, respectively, in comparison with these of positive control, kojic acid ($IC_{50}\;12.28{\pm}2.72{\mu}M$). The results suggest that P. lobata stems extract as well as its chemical components may represent as potential candidates for tyrosinase inhibitors.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.469-476
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• 2021

Tricholoma matsutake is commercially important wild edible mushroom. The only method for cultivation of T. matsutake has been to use matsutake-infected pine trees. In this study, twenty-one fruiting bodies were collected from the matsutake-infected pine trees in the Hongcheon experimental site in 2020. The fruiting bodies from the existing production area of matsutake-infected pine tree and from its transplantation site were found to be identical through monitoring and analysis of 13 microsatellite markers. Transplanted matsutake-infected pine trees succeeded in fairy-ring formation and matsutake fruiting in 2010 and 2017 to 2020. In conclusion, the matsutake mycelium of transplanted matsutake-infected pine tree originates from the existing matsutake-infected pine tree production.

• Mycobiology
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.582-588
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• 2021

The interaction of mating pheromone and pheromone receptor from the B mating-type locus is the first step in the activation of the mushroom mating signal transduction pathway. The B mating-type locus of Lentinula edodes is composed of Bα and Bβ subloci, each of which contains genes for mating pheromone and pheromone receptor. Allelic variations in both subloci generate multiple B mating-types through which L. edodes maintains genetic diversity. In addition to the B mating-type locus, our genomic sequence analysis revealed the presence of a novel chromosomal locus 43.3 kb away from the B mating-type locus, containing genes for a pair of mating pheromones (PHBN1 and PHBN2) and a pheromone receptor (RCBN). The new locus (Bα-N) was homologous to the Bα sublocus, but unlike the multiallelic Bα sublocus, it was highly conserved across the wild and cultivated strains. The interactions of RcbN with various mating pheromones from the B and Bα-N mating-type loci were investigated using yeast model that replaced endogenous yeast mating pheromone receptor STE2 with RCBN. The yeast mating signal transduction pathway was only activated in the presence of PHBN1 or PHBN2 in the RcbN producing yeast, indicating that RcbN interacts with self-pheromones (PHBN1 and PHBN2), not with pheromones from the B mating-type locus. The biological function of the Bα-N locus was suggested to control the expression of A mating-type genes, as evidenced by the increased expression of two A-genes HD1 and HD2 upon the treatment of synthetic PHBN1 and PHBN2 peptides to the monokaryotic strain of L. edodes.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.637-642
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• 2005

The antibacterial effect of methanol and water extracts from edible mushrooms on the growth of pathogenic bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Echerichia coli O-157, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi) were investigated. The Lyophyllum cinerascens and Pleurotus ostreatus2 methanol extracts treated with 5.0 mg/disc showed the highest antimicrobial activity against 7 kinds of pathogenic bacteria. And methanol extracts of edible mushrooms showed higher antimicrobial activity against gram positive and gram negative microorganisms than water extracts. The methanol extracts of mushrooms revealed high inhibitive activites in cytotoxicity on human cancer HepG2 and HT-29 cells. The growth of cancer HepG2 and HT 29 cells which treated with 1 mg/mL of Cordyceps militaris and Sarcodon aspratus methanol extracts were strongly inhibited to $67\%$ and $81\%$ respectively. And most of the methanol extracts exhibited the stronger effects against these cells, at the same concentration, comparing with water extracts. Particularly, the methanol and water extracts of Cordyceps militaris, Agaricus blazei, Lyophyllum ulmarium, Ganoderma lucidum and Sarcodon aspratus have the strongest antitumoral effects on HepG2 and HT-29 cells. From these results, it is considered that wild mushrooms have stronger antimicrobial and in vitro cytotoxic effects.