• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.37-40
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• 1982

Fifteen free amino acids except tryptophan, proline and cystine were identified from Korean red ginseng and dried ginsengs from Korea, America and Canada using by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Arginine was 72.6% of total free amino acids in the red ginseng and 48.2 to 68.7% in the dried ginsengs. The content of each free amino acid was lower in the red ginseng than in Korean dried ginseng. Most free amino acids in Korean dried ginseng showed higher content than those in American and Canadian ones. Tryptophan, proline cystine, methionine and phenylalanine were not detected in the extracts of red ginseng and of Korean white ginseng. Arginine was highest in these extracts and all free amino acids were higher in the white ginseng extract.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.185-189
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• 1981

The quality inspection was made on commercial Korean ginseng extract (Company A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H), particularly on samples available in Seoul market area. The results were as follews: 1) Among the ginseng extract products out of eight different manufactures, the moisture content of D company's product showed 46.5%, and other companys' met with the moisture standard for ginseng extracts. And protein, fat, ash, fiber and total sugar were about $9.87{\sim}21.07%,\;0.46{\sim}1.62%,\;6.55{\sim}7.88%,\;0{\sim}0.15%\;and\;58.58{\sim}76.74%$, respectively. And residue of D and F company products showed 3.25% and 3.61% which exceed the standard, and other company products met with residue test specifications. 2) The contents of ginseng saponins were 16.16% and 13.12%, respectively, for the C and H company products. However, other company's showed below 9%. By fractional distribution of ginseng saponins, it is supposed to be white ginseng and lateral ginseng that were mostly used as raw materials for ginseng extract manufacturing.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.275-282
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• 2022

Background: Stroke is a neurological disorder characterized by brain tissue damage following a decrease in oxygen supply to brain due to blocked blood vessels. Reportedly, 80% of all stroke cases are classified as cerebral infarction, and the incidence rate of this condition increases with age. Herein, we compared the efficacies of Korean White ginseng (WG) and Korean Red Ginseng (RG) extracts (WGex and RGex, respectively) in an ischemic stroke mouse model and confirmed the underlying mechanisms of action. Methods: Mice were orally administered WGex or RGex 1 h before middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), for 2 h; the size of the infarct area was measured 24 h after MCAO induction. Then, the neurological deficit score was evaluated and the efficacies of the two extracts were compared. Finally, their mechanisms of action were confirmed with tissue staining and protein quantification. Results: In the MCAO-induced ischemic stroke mouse model, WGex and RGex showed neuroprotective effects in the cortical region, with RGex demonstrating superior efficacy than WGex. Ginsenoside Rg1, a representative indicator substance, was not involved in mediating the effects of WGex and RGex. Conclusion: WGex and RGex could alleviate the brain injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion, with RGex showing a more potent effect. At 1,000 mg/kg body weight, only RGex reduced cerebral infarction and edema, and both anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways were involved in mediating these effects.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.555-563
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• 2024

We were selected oriental medicinal herbs known to be effective in strengthening muscles, improving sarcopenia, treating arthritis and osteoporosis. Amino acids have been reported to be associated with the above-mentioned effects. During the manufacturing process of water extracts of ginseng and samchae, the content of arginine, a basic amino acid, was significantly reduced. The decrease was 99.48mg/100ml for steamed red ginseng compared to 114.07mg/100ml for dried white ginseng, and 54.69mg/100ml for steamed samchae compared to 118.90mg/100ml for dried samchae. The extracts of the wild roots of Acanthus apias and the above-ground twigs of Acanthus apias showed significantly higher DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. Meanwhile, DPPH activity was higher in steamed red ginseng and steamed samchae compared to dried white ginseng and dried samche, but ABTS activity increased to 66.88% for steamed red ginseng compared to 41.96% for dried white ginseng, but was 77.48% for dried samchae and 77.52% for steamed samchae.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 2015

Background: Korean ginseng is a well-known medicinal herb that has been widely used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases, including asthma. Ginseng can be classified as white ginseng (WG) or red ginseng (RG), according to processing conditions. In this study, the authors compared the efficacies of these two ginseng types in a mouse model of acute asthma. Methods: To produce the acute asthma model, BALB/c mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and aluminum hydroxide, and then challenged with OVA. WG and RG extracts were administered to mice orally. The influences of WG and RG on airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), immune cell distributions in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and OVA-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), IgG1, and IgG2a in serum were investigated. Cytokine production by lymphocytes isolated from peribronchial lymph nodes and histopathological changes was also examined. Results: In OVA-sensitized mice, both WG and RG reduced AHR and suppressed immune cell infiltration in bronchoalveolar regions. BALF OVA-specific IgE levels were significantly lower in RG-treated OVAsensitized mice than in the OVA-sensitized control group. WG and RG also suppressed inflammatory cytokine production by peribronchial lymphocytes. Histopathological findings showed reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and airway remodeling (e.g., epithelial hyperplasia) in WG- and RG-treated OVA mice compared with OVA controls. Conclusion: In this study, WG and RG showed antiasthmatic effects in an OVA-sensitized mouse model, and the efficacies of RG were found to be better than those of WG.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.155-162
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• 2012

Steamed ginseng is well known as a tonic medicine for restoring and enhancing human health. Steamed ginseng had more pharmacologically activity than white ginseng. The effects of steamed ginseng on transplantable tumors, proliferation of lymphocyte and rat liver lipid peroxidation were studied. This study was performed to evaluate the antioxidation and antiwrinkle effects of three ginseng extracts. Raw ginseng (RGS) and dried ginseng (DGS) mature like red ginseng in addition to the ready-made red ginseng (GS) purchased in the market, were steamed and extracted by red ginseng extractor. Three extracts of steamed ginseng were investigated to determine effects of superoxide radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, autooxidation inhibition of linoleic acid, collagenase inhibition and collagen synthesis in normal fibroblast. RGS showed not only the highest superoxide radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 100 ug/mL but also the hydroxyl radical scavenging activity higher than vitamin C. Also RGS showed the highest activity in inhibition of autooxidation of linolic acid, collagen synthesis, and collagenase inhibition.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.245-249
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• 1978

Gas chromatogram of standardized samples for 10 different kinds of polyphenol components, which contained universally in common vegetables and fruits, and those of polyphenol extracts from various ginseng products and Acanthopanax, were revealed, respectively. The consequent results are as follows; 1. There were practically no obvious difference in the polyphenol pattern among white ginseng with skin of either Korean, American, Canadian products, or Korean red ginseng. There was, however, no coincidence in $t_R$ as indicated by peaks of polyphenol pattern for these ginseng products with those expressed by the standard samples. 2. A great similarity existed in the polyphenol pattern between white ginseng and red ginseng extracts, but the number of peaks for the ginseng extracts was far less than dried ginseng. 3. The polyphenol patterns of Russian and Korean Acanthopanax showed a similarity. However, the polyphenol pattern as represented by Acanthopanax was considerably different from that of ginseng products, especially chlorogenic acid which was not present in the ginseng products was identified in Acanthopanax.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.43-50
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• 2004

The effects of ginseng extracts on liver damage induced by high energy x-ray were studied. To one group of ICR male mice were given white(50 mg/kg/day for 7 days, orally) and fermenta ginseng extracts(500 mg/kg/day for 7 days, orally)before irrdiation. To another group were irradiated by 5 Gy dose of high energy x-ray. Contrast group were given with saline(0.1 ml). This study also investigated the effect between MDA, protein content and ginseng extracts on hepatic damage. This study measured the level of MDA(malondialdehyde), protein content in liver tissue. Administrating orally white (50 mg/kg/day for 7 days, orally)and fermenta ginseng extracts(500 mg/kg/day), the level of MDA were generally decreased and the inhibition was increased. And the protein contents were identical with control group. After irradiation, the protein contents were increased and MDA(malondialdehyde) was increased. Therefore, ginseng extracts increased antioxidative enzyme activity. And We know that the antioxidatant effect of extracts from white and fermenta ginseng protect radiation damage by direct antioxidant effect involving SOD, CAT, GPX. It was included that ginsengs can protect against the lipid peroxidation in radiation damage through its antioxidatant properties.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.218-224
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• 1990

This study was made to observe changes in hemograms of the Sarcoma-180 mouse treated with extracts of Poria cocos and Panax ginseng. The life span of the Sarcoma-180 mouse administered with the mixture of the extract of Panax ginseng with the extract of P. cocos and the extract of P. cocos was extended more than the non-treated group. In the body weight of the Sarcoma-180 mouse, the non-treated group was increased more than the normal group and the groups administered with the mixture of ginseng extract with hoelen extract and hoelen extract. In the numbers of white blood cell especially lymphocyte, the groups administered with the mixture of ginseng extract with hoelen extract and hoelen extract were similar to the normal group, but the non-treated group was decreased. The Hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin in the mice infected with Sarcoma-180 were not significantly different between the group treated with extracts of them and the non-treated group. In the distributions and sizes of white blood cell and platelet in the mice, the group administered with the Hoelen extract was similar to the normal group comparing to the non-treated group.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.1003-1006
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• 2003

The quality of dried ginseng products (white ginseng, red ginseng, and taeguk ginseng) was investigated according to the National Standards. All the dried ginseng products met the general quality standard established: moisture content of 14.0% or less, ash content of 5.0% or less, and water-saturated n-butanol extracts of 2.0% or more. Ginsenoside $Rb_1$, Rf, and $Rg_1$, the effective components of Korean ginseng were detected by HPLC analysis. However, uniformity of individual products within a package was not kept for almost all of the products except for red ginseng products.