• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.11-23
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to identify the ecological characteristics and biological interactions between species of the abandoned rice paddy field in mountainous areas and to suggest a management strategy for stable food chain formation and biodiversity enhancement. The study site is located in Uldae wetland of Songchu district Bukhansan National Park, site characteristics and biological habitat characteristics were identified through site survey and literature survey. With regard to physical environment, among geographical features, the Uldae Wetland and the neighborhood inside the basin was a gently sloping area($5{\sim}15^{\circ}$). And 64.0% of basin faced the north. With regard to water environment, the Uldae Wetland was wetland of rainfed paddy field depending on precipitation and the system of stream flowing into the wetland from valley. According to the results of examining flora in plant ecology, in general, they were herbaceous wetland species. 88.6% of existing plants inside the Uldae Wetland basin was a forest in the mountain. And Quercus spp. community and Pinus densiflora community accounted for 64.6% of that, and was dominant. Except for that, Salix koreensis community was distributed. The existing vegetation of Uldae Wetland inhabited wetland species and terrestrialization indicator species, and it was thought that partial terrestrialization inside the Uldae Wetland was in progress after the discontinuation of paddy cultivation, such as the expansion of Salix koreensis distribution area. In the status of appearing faunae in the Uldae Wetland with regard to wildbirds of appearing principal species, The Uldae wetland was based on a abandoned rice paddy field various wildlife, and was a wildlife feeding, spawning, and resting place. The water environment was an important factor in maintaining the wetland living creatures function, habitat of waterbirds and benthic macroinvertebrates, amphibians and odonate are spawning ground and habitat, it was affecting the vegetation ecosystem based on wetlands. In order to maintain the diversity of wildlife, it was important to maintain smooth water supply and water level. A stable food chain will be formed and the Uldae wetland biodiversity will be abundant by establishing the relationship between the species of Uldae wetland, which is abandoned rice paddy field, and the habitat environment favored by species belonging to the ecosystem stepwise linkage. The ecological characteristics of the Uldae wetlands and the relation between the species were analyzed and the environmental conditions were reflected in the planning and management plan of Uldae wetland ecology.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.147-153
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• 2023

Urbanization has been causing such new pollutants as micro-plastic, thus the environmental impact of new pollutants on ecosystem is rapidly increasing. When it comes to micro-plastic, a representative artificial trace pollutant, its risk has been increased at a much faster rate, however the depth study associated with stormwater sediment and wetland was relatively rare. In this research, soil samples from storm water sediment were analyzed for distribution characteristics of micro-plastics in the J wetland (registered as Ramsar wetland, May 2021 and a representative environmental site in South Korea). Analyzed soil samples found approximately 201 ± 93 particle/kg (based on unit weight, Total micro plastic particles / Total Sample weight) micro-plastics in the samples. When considering the total quantitative numbers in stormwater sediment in the entire area of the J wetland, over 15,000 micro-plastics were estimated to be contaminating such area. In addition, in terms of qualitative numbers, micro-plastics were contaminating the J wetland with 94.7 % ratio of styrofoam type (43.9%) and polyethylene type (50.8%). These research results can be used as base data sets for controlling micro-plastics in the J wetland.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.94-101
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• 2012

The performance data for eight years from a free-surface-flow constructed wetland system receiving agricultural tailwater were used to analyze denitrification rate and nitrogen treatment characteristics according to season and wetland design. Seasonal difference between growing season (March~November) and winter season (December~February) was shown in the concentration of all nitrogen species. Seasonal nitrogen treatment has similar trend with temperature and measured denitrification rate. The highest denitrification rate was measured in July, but treatment efficiency was most higher in May and June. Nitrogen absorption of vegetation could affect to these wetland performances, therefore dense population of wetland vegetation might be helpful. According to design of wetland, at least 25~50 m of wetland length was needed to decrease effluent T-N concentration to background concentration in growing season. In winter season, wetland needed much longer distance to reduce T-N concentration. Mass removal rate was continuously high through whole year because runoff coefficient was low in winter season. Applicability of constructed wetland was observed for the total maximum daily load that control T-N load.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 2010

This study examined geological characteristics of a wetland in Mountain Geumjeong in Busan Metropolitan City. Field survey and laboratory tests were performed to identify topographic features, geological and structural geological characteristics, rock strength along the distance from the wetland, soil profile in the wetland, and chemical property of the wetland soil. The bedrock of the wetland consists of hornblende granite. Hornblende granite and rhyolitic rock around the wetland have the joints with strikes of N-S, E-W, and NE-SW directions and with higher dips greater than $60^{\circ}$. Lower rock strength and higher weathering grades take place towards the wetlands. According to X-ray diffraction analysis of wetland soil samples, kaolinite, montmorillonite, and gibbsite appear which demonstrate weathered products of feldspars in the hornblende granite. The soil profile in the wetland comprises O, A, B, and C horizons from the land surface. The contents of the organic matters decrease from shallow parts to deeper parts of the soil profile. In addition, $K^+$ and $Na^+$ originating from the weathering of feldspars are dominant components among inorganic ions in the wetland soil.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.425-444
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• 2021

Investigating the physical and chemical properties of riverine wetlands is necessary to understand their distribution characteristics and depositional environment. This study investigated the physical (particle size, color, and type) and chemical properties (organic, inorganic, and moisture contents) of sediments in Samrak wetland, located in the Nakdong River estuary area in Busan, South Korea. The particle size analysis indicated that the hydraulic conductivity values for the coarse grain and the mixture of coarse and fine grains ranged from 2.03 to 3.49×10^-1 cm s^-1 and 7.18×10^-3 to 1.24×10^-7 cm s^-1, respectively. In-situ water quality and laboratory-based chemical analyses and radon-222 measurement were performed on groundwater and surface water in the wetland and water from the nearby Nakdong River. The physical and chemical properties of Samrak wetland was characterized by the sediments in the vertical and lateral direction. The concentrations of chemical components in the wetland groundwater were distinctly higher than those in the Nakdong River water though the wetland groundwater and Nakdong River water equally belonged to the Ca-HCO₃ type.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.35-45
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• 2016

Aiming to elucidate the formation processes of Myeonsan wetland around the ridge from Myeonsan peak to Seokgae pass, this paper analyzes the geomorphic, physical and chemical characteristics of the wetland. The results are as follow: Firstly, resistant bedrock and big boulders distributed on the riverbed of the small channel from the wetland to Seokgaecheon have played a role as a temporary base level. At the upstream part above this point, a wide and shallow depression was formed and developed into a wetland. There was a gorge covered with boulders at downstream part. Secondly, owing to the obstacles at the outlet of wetland, deposits on bed tend to be downstream coarsening. Finally, deposits show weak acidity of pH 5.0~5.7. The source of wetland water is groundwater containing rich Ca and Na. Trees in the wetland help much more Ca accumulated. And deposit biotite and amphibole contained rich Mg have been weathered in the wetland.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.713-719
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• 2009

A natural wetland in the Nakdong River basin which effectively removes non-point source pollutants was investigated for 2 years to understand wetland topography, vegetation types, and water quality characteristics. The water depth of the natural wetland was in the range of 0.5~1.9 m which is suitable for the growth of non-emergent hydrophytes. The wetland has a high length to width ratio (3.3:1) and a relatively large wetland to watershed area ratio (0.057). A broad-crested weir at the outlet increases the retention time of the wetland whose hydrology is mainly dependent on storm events. The concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the growing season and the winter season showed anoxic and oxic conditions, respectively. Diurnal variations of DO and pH in the growing season were also observed due to weather change and submerged plants. COD and TP concentrations were low in the winter season due to low inflow rate and increased retention time. Increased TP concentrations in the spring season were caused by degradation of dead wetland plants. Nitrogen in the wetland was mostly in organic nitrogen form (>75%). During the growing season, ammonium concentration was high but nitrate nitrogen concentration was low, possibly due to anoxic and low pH conditions which are adverse conditions for ammonificaiton and nitrification. The results of this study can be used as preliminary data for design, operation, monitoring and management of a constructed wetland which is designed to treat diffuse pollutants in the Nakdong river watershed.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.155-160
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• 2007

Constructed wetland has been widely used for the treatment of sewage, stormwater runoff, industrial wastewater, agricultural runoff, acid mine drainage and landfill leachate. For the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus, uptake by plants and adsorption to media material are the major processes, and, therefore, the selection of media with specific adsorption capacity is the critical factor for the optimal design of wetland along with the selection of appropriate plant species. In this study, two media materials (loess bead and mixed media) possessing different adsorption characteristics for ammonium and phosphate were selected, and their adsorption characteristics were evaluated. In addition, the performance of subsurface-flow wetland systems employing these media was evaluated in both batch and continuous flow systems. With LB medium, beter phosphorus removal was observed, while better ammonia removal was obtained with MM medium. In addition, enhanced removal efficiencies were observed in the wetland systems employing both media and aquatic plants, mainly due to the better environment for microbial growth. As a result, appropriate selection or combination of media with respect to the inflow water quality maybe important factors for the successful design and operation of wetland systems.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.15-30
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• 2014

Systematic management of wetlands should be a priority to build the data for the extent and distribution of wetlands all over the country. However there are no clear guidelines for the wetland boundary delineation, so researchers have to determine the boundary of wetlands in each different way. As a result, it is very difficult to identify the extent and distribution of wetlands. This study proposes applicable criteria of setting boundary of wetlands which consider their wetland vegetation and geographical characteristics, according to wetland classification. The proposed site in this study is selected wetlands that represent each wetland type and have been ecologically well preserved like the wetland protected areas. GIS data for setting the boundary of wetlands selected were land-cover maps, aerial photographs, high resolution satellite images, and digital topographic maps. In this study, 'wetland unit determination' of the Washington State Wetlands Rating System(WSDE, 1993) and the concept of 'Wetland and Deep-water Habitats' was suggested by Wetland Delineation Manual(USACE, 1987) were used as criteria for setting the boundary of wetlands. As a result, it was found that the boundary of wetlands could be, in general, set consistently. Also, it seemed possible to set systematic and standardized boundary of wetlands and to provide more objective data for establishing national wetland policies, if maps of wetlands are made and an investigation of wetlands is implemented according to the criteria.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.622-629
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• 2009

This study intended to collect data for evaluating the meteorological value of Upo Wetland which is the largest wetland in the downstream of Nakdong River. The observations were conducted in summer at the Upo Wetland and its surrounding paddy field that is the converted areas from a wetland to a paddy field. The following results are obtained: 1) The temperature of Upo Wetland area was $1^{\circ}C$ lower than the surrounding area during the day while it was a little higher during the night.; 2) The maximum wind speed in the Upo Wetland area was 3.5 m/s which is stronger than 1.6 m/s of its surrounding area. The south wind was observed in the farmland for most of the day while north winds and south winds alternated between day and night in Upo Wetland.; 3) In heat budget analysis, Upo Wetland was wasted in the form of latent heat rather than sensible heat in daytime.