• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.359-372
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• 2006

In order to investigate the daily deposition characteristics of water-soluble inorganic components in airborne deposit on the Iksan, deposition samples were collected using a deposition gauge from October 16 to November 1, 2004. Deposition samples were collected using two different sampling gauges, a dry gauge and a wet gauge, respectively. To get wet the bottom of wet gauge during the sampling period, the volume of $30{\sim}50ml$ distilled ionized water was added in a wet gauge before the beginning of each deposition sampling. Deposition samples were collected twice a day and analyzed for inorganic water-soluble anions ($Cl^-,\;{NO_3}^-,\;{SO_4}^{2-}$) and cations (${NH_4}^+,\;Na^+,\;K^+,\;Mg^{2+},\;Ca^{2+}$) using ion chromatography. Qualify control and quality assurance of analytical data were checked by the data obtained from reinjection of standard solution, Dionex cross check standard solutions, and random several deposition samples, and measured data was estimated to be reliable. Considering the deposition sample volume, the sampling time, the surface area of sampling container, and the ion concentration measured, the daily deposition amounts for measured ions were calculated in $mg/m^2$. The total daily deposition amounts of all measured ions for dry and wet gauge were $7.5{\pm}2.8$ and $17.7{\pm}4.2mg/m^2$, respectively. A significant increase in deposition amount during rainfall days was observed for both wet gauge and dry gauge, having no difference of deposition amount between in wet gauge and in dry gauge. The mean deposition of all ions measured in this study were higher in wet gauge than in dry gauge because of the surface difference of the sampling container, especially for ${NH_4}^+\;and\;{SO_4}^{2-}$. The mean deposition amounts of ${NH_4}^+\;and\;{SO_4}^{2-}$ in wet gauge were found to be about 10 times and 3 times higher than those in dry gauge, while the rest of the chemical species were equal or a little higher in wet gauge than in dry gauge. Dominant species in dry gauge were ${NO_3}^-\;and\;Ca^{2+}$, accounting for 21% and 28% of the total ion deposition, whereas those in wet gauge were ${SO_4}^{2-}\;and\;{NH_4}^+$, accounting for 19% and 41% of the total ion deposition, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권10호
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• pp.1450-1459
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• 2001

These experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different feeding and processing methods of diets on performance, morphological changes in the small intestine and nutrient digestibility of growing-finishing pigs. One-hundred fifty growing pigs ($Yorkshire{\times}Landrace{\times}Duroc$; initial body weight of $23.33{\pm}0.75kg$) and one-hundred twenty finishing pigs ($Yorkshire{\times}Landrace{\times}Duroc$; initial body weight of $59.22{\pm}0.56kg$) were used in Exp. 1 and Exp. 2, respectively. Pigs were grouped on the basis of body weight and gender, and randomly allotted into 6 different treatments with 5 replications in each treatment in a $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement. Treatments were 1) dry feeding with a mash diet (DM), 2) dry feeding with a pelleted diet (DP), 3) dry feeding with an expanded crumble diet (DEC), 4) dry/wet feeding with a mash diet (WM), 5) dry/wet feeding with a pelleted diet (WP), and 6) dry/wet feeding with an expanded crumble diet (WEC). In Exp. 1 (growing phase), there was no significant difference in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) among treatments during the entire experimental period, but feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly (p<0.05) improved in pigs fed pelleted diets regardless of feeding method. FCR was best in pigs fed a DP diet and worst in pigs fed a WM diet. Pigs fed a pelleted diet showed a 6.2% or 4.0% improvement in FCR compared with those fed a mash diet or an expanded crumble diet. Water disappearance was not significantly affected by dry/wet feeding or feed processing. Significant differences in villus height were not found among treatments, but villus height tended to be improved by dry/wet feeding. Dry/wet feeding or feed processing did not affect crypt depth. Digestibilities of calcium and phosphorus were significantly (p<0.05) improved in pigs fed an expanded crumble diet compared with pigs fed mash diets. Especially, pigs fed a WEC diet digested 8.1% more P than those fed a DM diet. Feed cost per kg weight gain (FCG) tended to be increased by dry/wet feeding rather than dry feeding. In Exp. 2 (finishing phase), ADG and ADFI were not significantly different among treatments, but a significant difference in FCR was found among feed processing forms. The best FCR was obtained in pigs fed a pelleted diet. Pigs fed a DP diet showed a 11.3% improvement compared with those fed a DEC diet. Water disappearance was significantly (p=0.0408) decreased by feeding the mash diet. However, water disappearance was not affected by dry/wet feeding during the finishing period. The villus height and crypt depth were not significantly different among treatments. However, crypt depth tended to be decreased by dry/wet feeding at the mid part of the small intestine. Fat digestibility was improved by dry feeding rather than dry/wet feeding, and was improved by 4.8% by feeding pellet diets compared with expanded crumble diets. Except for carcass grade, carcass characteristics were not significantly (p<0.05) different among treatments. Carcass grade was the best in pigs fed a WP diet. Feed cost per kg weight gain (FCG) was significantly decreased in pigs fed a pelleted diet compared with those fed an expanded crumble diet, and tended to be decreased by dry/wet feeding. In conclusion, these studies suggest that feeding the pelleted diet to growing-finishing pigs can be beneficial in terms of FCR and production cost. Dry/wet feeding can be helpful for the maintenance of villus height, but may not be reflected in improved growth performance or reduction of production costs.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.533-542
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• 2001

가뭄에 대한 대책을 수립하기 위해서는 각 가뭄상태별로 가뭄의 지속기간을 산정하는 것이 선행되어야 한다. 이러한 가뭄의 지속기간 분석에 사용할 수 있는 방법에는 비선형 물수지모형과 Palmer 가뭄심도지수방법이 있다. 비선형 물수지모형은 지표면과 대기의 수분이동을 고려한 물수지방법을 추계학적 변동에 의해 야기되는 건기와 습윤기 사이의 변환기간을 모의할 수가 있다. Palmer 가뭄심도지수는 강우량과 잠재증발산량을 바탕으로 기상학적으로 필요한 강우량과 실제강우량을 비교하여 가뭄의 정도를 나타내는 물수지방법이다. 본 연구에서는 한강유역에 대해 비선형 물수지모형과 Palmer 가뭄심도지수를 이용하여 가뭄의 지속기간을 산정하였다. 비선형 물수지모형을 사용하여 산정된 토양함수비에 따른 가뭄의 지속기관과 Palmer 가뭄심도지수를 이용하여 산정된 지수별 가뭄의 지속기간이 유사하게 나타났다. 연구 결과 한강유역에서의 극심한 가뭄상태에서 습윤기로 변환되는 지속기간이 약 3년으로 산정되었다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.285-291
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• 2008

This study was performed to investigate the effects of Chitosan on the nickel poisoning in rats. In the study, 150 male Sprague-Dawley were used. The experimental groups were divided into four: A (30 mg/L nickel), B (30 mg/L nickel+0.2% Chitin, Chitosan and Dithiocarbamate Chitosan), C (30 mg/L nickel+0.4% Chitin, Chitosan and Dithiocarbamate Chitosan), D (30 mg/L nickel+0.8%Chitin, Chitosan and Dithiocarbamate Chitosan). The results were as flows; 1. The nickel concentration in the livers of the control group (A) was $0.153{\sim}0.186\;mg/kg$ but the nickel concentration in the livers of the experimental decreased during the experimental period (P<0.05). 2. Metallothionenin levels in rat liver were $2.77{\sim}3.25\;ug/g$ wet,wt in control group (A), but were $2.89{\sim}3.51\;ug/g$ wet,wt (B), $2.97{\sim}3.62\;ug/g$ wet,wt (C), $2.68{\sim}3.68\;ug/g$ wet,wt (D). Respectively in the experimental groups. The experimental groups were inclined to increase compare to the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, this study revealed a preventive effect of Chitin, Chitosan and Dithiocarbamate Chitosan against nickel toxicity.

• 분석과학
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.98-106
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• 1996

대기확산 모델 TCM(Texas Climatological Model)을 이용하여 $SO_2$ 오염도를 예측하였으며 강우분석에 의한 $SO_2$의 침적에 관하여 연구하였다. 원주시의 월별 $SO_2$ 실측치와 모델예측치의 상관계수는 높은 편이었으며 $SO_2$는 강우에 의해 세척되어 제거되는데, $SO_2$ 총배출량에 대한 제거율이 여름철이 가을, 겨울보다 높게 나타났으며, 이는 여름철에 강우량이 많기 때문이 고 강우량과 제거율과의 상관계수는 0.68로 나타났다. 강우량이 많은 달은 $SO_2$ 실측치가 모델예측치보다 상당히 낮아지는 경향을 보였다.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.57-66
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• 2016

Wet deposition fluxes of ions at a coastal site in southwestern Japan in the period 1996-2003 were investigated to quantify the respective contributions of cyclone-, stationary front- and typhoon-associated rains. On average, the deposition fluxes of terrigenous-origin ions, nss-$SO_4{^{2-}}$, $NO_3{^-}$, $NH_4{^+}$ and nss-$Ca^{2+}$ were $37.6{\pm}7.3$, $16.3{\pm}4.2$, $19.0{\pm}3.4$ and $9.6{\pm}4.8meq\;m^{-2}yr^{-1}$, and those of $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$, the major ions in sea water, were $97.0{\pm}38.2$ and $115.2{\pm}48.2meq\;m^{-2}yr^{-1}$, respectively. Cyclone-associated rain constituted more than 50% of the fluxes of the terrigenous ions in almost all years. Stationary front-associated rain also contributed significantly, although the contribution was lower than the contribution by Cyclone-associated rain in almost all years. In particular, the wet deposition flux of nitrogen compounds of $NO_3{^-}$ and $NH_4{^+}$, which are important nutrients for micro-bioactivities in sea surface water, was dominated by cyclone-associated rain. Due to the extreme abundance of $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ in the rainwater of typhoons, the fluxes of $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ were contributed substantially by typhoons in years with typhoons' passage although cyclones were still the largest contributor to the fluxes. These results indicate the dominance of cyclones in the wet deposition to the East China Sea areas and the necessity to take rain types into account for a more accurate elucidation of the temporal and spatial variation of the wet deposition.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권7호
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• pp.1101-1119
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• 2023

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical, metabolomic, and sensory qualities of Chikso and Hanwoo beef during 28 days of wet aging. Methods: Rump and loins from Hanwoo and Chikso were obtained and wet-aged for 28 days at 4℃. The samples were collected at 7-day interval (n = 3 for each period). Physicochemical qualities including pH, meat color, shear force value, and myofibrillar fragmentation index, metabolomic profiles, and sensory attributes (volatile organic compounds and relative taste intensities) were measured. Results: Chikso showed a significantly higher shear force value than Hanwoo on day 0; however, no differences between breeds were found after day 14, regardless of the cuts. Overall, Chikso had more abundant metabolites than Hanwoo, especially L-carnitine and tyrosine. Among the volatiles, the ketone ratio was higher in the Chikso rump than the Hanwoo rump; however, Chikso had fewer alcohols and aldehydes than Hanwoo. Chikso rump showed higher taste intensities than the Hanwoo rump on day 0, and sourness decreased in Chikso, but increased in the Hanwoo rump on day 14. Wet aging for 14 days intensified the taste of Chikso loin but reduced the umami intensity of Hanwoo loin. Conclusion: Chikso had different metabolomic and sensory characteristics compared to Hanwoo cattle, and 14 days of wet aging could improve its tenderness and flavor traits.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.633-641
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• 2018

최근 들어 홍수와 가뭄과 같은 자연 재해의 위험이 증가하고 있다. 이러한 위험을 저감하기 위하여 신뢰할 수 있는 수문자료는 수자원 분석 및 수공구조물 설계에 있어 매우 중요하다. 한국의 중부에 위치한 용담 구량천 유역은 K-water와 UNESCO IHP의 연구유역으로써 신뢰 할 수 있는 강수량, 유출량, 증발산량 등의 수문자료를 제공하고 있다. 본 연구는 실측된 수문자료를 바탕으로 우리나라의 산지 유역의 유출 특성을 분석하기 위하여 용담 구량천 유역에서의 유출특성을 Probability Distributed Model을 적용하여 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 유역 유축을 홍수기(6월-9월), 평수기(10-5월)로 기간 분리하여 분석하는 것이 필요함을 확인하였다. 유역 유출비가 홍수기에는 0.27~0.41, 평수기에는 0.30~0.45의 분포를 나타내고 있다. Probability Distributed Model은 적용기간에 따라 차별화된 검정 매개변수를 제시하고 있다. 또한, 2015년 평수기를 제외하고 다른 기간은 유역의 유출을 모두 적합(Nash Surcliffe Efficiency >0.7)하게 모의하고 있어 모형의 적용성을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 Probability Distributed Model을 활용한 기간분리를 통한 소규모 산지 유역의 유출특성방법을 제시한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.91-99
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• 1996

About 7.7 million tons of straw dry matter are being rotten during the monsoon. The objective of this trial was to develop a technique to preserve straw under wet condition. To simulate the moisture content of wet straw, a dry straw was deeped overnight in water. After draining the excess water, the wet straw(668 g moisture $kg^{-1}$) was divided into twenty fractions and preserved with 0, 30, 50 ro 70 g urea $kg^{-1}$ dry matter for either of 30, 60, 90, 120 or 180 days in sealed plastic container. Considering the colour, smell, fungal infestation and pH, the wert straw was preserved excellently up to 180 days when 50 or 70 g of urea per kg DM was used. Urea preservation increased the crude protein contents of straw by 3.6 to 6.4 times (174 to $364g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$) over that of the dry straw ($48g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$). Although the NDF content of straw was not effected by the level of urea or by the length of the preservation period, but the ADF content increased (p > 0.05) by 0.086 to $0.889g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ straw DM for each g increase in the urea level. At 48 hours, the DM degradability of dry straw was $350g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, which increased to $633g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ when preserved with 50 g urea $kg^{-1}$ for 180 days. For the same straw, both the rate(0.0388 vs. 0.0136 fraction $h^{-1}$), the extent(717 vs. $631g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$) of straw degradation and the estimated ME(9.55 vs. $6.51MJ{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ straw DM) were higher in the preserved than the dry straw.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.181-212
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• 2023

Objectives: To examine the efficacy and safety of cupping therapy for insomnia disorder and provide clinical evidence that could contribute to further research. Methods: We searched randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that verified effects of cupping therapy for insomnia disorder from 11 domestic and foreign databases. Included studies were evaluated using Risk of Bias (RoB). Results: Nineteen RCTs were selected. Wet cupping was more frequently used than dry cupping. Moving cupping was mostly used among dry cupping methods. Dry cupping was mainly performed in Bladder Meridian on the back. Wet cupping was mainly performed on BL18, LR14, and BL15. The most common treatment period was 4 weeks. The average number of treatments per week was about 2.4 times for all types of cupping, about 3.2 times for dry cupping and about 1.9 times for wet cupping. All selected studies showed a significant sleep improvement compared to the control group. As a result of the meta-analysis, in terms of effective rate, SAS score, and SDS score, the wet cupping in combination with acupuncture was significantly more effective than acupuncture alone, although the quality of selected RCTs was low. Conclusions: Cupping therapy is effective for insomnia disorder. Based on results of this study, it is reasonable to use wet cupping two times per week on BL18, LR14, and BL15 or use moving cupping three times per week in Bladder Meridian on the back for 4 weeks to treat insomnia disorder.