• Toxicological Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.87-98
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• 2002

This study was conducted to evaluate the safety of a recombinant human Factor VIII(GC-$\gamma$ AHF) manufactured by Korea Green Cross Company with different technology according to the Regulation of Korean Food and Drug Administration (l 998. 12. 3). In acute toxicity test, both genders of Sprague-Dawley rats and Beagle dogs were administered intravenously with GC-$\gamma$ AHF of three doses (3,125, 625 and 125 IU/kg), and single dose of 3,125 IU/kg, respectively. No dead animal and abnormal autopsy findings were found in Control and GC-$\gamma$ AHF treated group. Therefore, the 50% lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) of GC-$\gamma$ AHF was conidered to be higher than 3,125 IU/kg in rats and dogs. In the four weeks repeated intravenous toxicity study, GC-$\gamma$ AHF was administrated intravenosly to both genders of rats and dogs with 3 doses (500, 150, 50 IU/kg). There were neither dead animals nor significant changes of body weights during the experimental Period. In addition, no significant GC-$\gamma$ AHF related changes were found in clinical sign, urinalysis and other finding. Statistically changes were observed in hematological, biochemical and organ weight parameters of treated groups: however these changes were not dose dependent. No histopathological lesion were observed in both control and treated animals. Above data suggest that no observed adverse effect level of test materials in rats and dogs might be over 500 IU/kg/day in this study. In ocular irritation test, any injury on iris, conjunctiva and cornea in rabbits were not observed. The acute ocular irritation index (A.O.I.), mean ocular irritation index (M.O.I.) and Day-7 individual ocular irritation Index (I.O.I.) of GC-$\gamma$ AHF were 0. In the primary skin Irritation test, the primary irritation index (P.I.I.) oj GC-$\gamma$ AHF were 0. Therefore, the GC-$\gamma$ AHF is considered not to have the primary skin and eye toxicity in rabbits. In active systemic anaphylaxis (ASA) test, GC-$\gamma$ AHF and GC-$\gamma$ AHF emulsified with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) did not induce any symptom of anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs. In passive cutaneous anaphylxis (PCA) test, after sensitization with antisera of GC-$\gamma$ AHF sensitized mice, blue spots were observed on the hypodermis of back of rats, but diameter of each spot was smaller than 5 mm in each test groups except the positive control group. Based on the results of this study, GC-$\gamma$ AHF is not conidered to have any antigenic potential. In conclusion, at levels of up to 500 IU/kg, GC-$\gamma$ AHF did not produce treatment-related toxicity under the conditions of these acute-, four week repeated-toxicity, primary skin and eye toxicity, and antigenicity test.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.508-519
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• 2007

Flash memory based storage has been used in various mobile systems and now is to be used in Laptop computers in the name of Solid State Disk. The Flash memory has not only merits in terms of weight, shock resistance, and power consumption but also limitations like erase-before-write property. To overcome these limitations, Flash memory based storage requires special address mapping software called FTL(Flash-memory Translation Layer), which often performs merge operation for block recycling. In order to reduce block recycling cost in NAND Flash memory based storage, we introduce another block recycling scheme which we call migration. As a result, the FTL can select either merge or migration depending on their costs for each block recycling. Experimental results with Postmark benchmark and embedded system workload show that this cost-based selection of migration/merge operation improves the performance of Flash memory based storage. Also, we present a solution of macroscopic optimal migration/merge sequence that minimizes a block recycling cost for each migration/merge combination period. Experimental results show that the performance of Flash memory based storage can be more improved by the macroscopic optimization than the simple cost-based selection.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.1150-1156
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• 2014

This trail was conducted to study the effect of L-proline on the growth performance, and blood parameter in the weaned lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged pigs. Thirty six pigs ($9.13{\pm}0.85$ kg) were assigned randomly to dietary treatments in a $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement in a 20-d growth assay. Factors were intraperitoneal injection with saline or LPS, and three dietary L-proline supplement levels (0%, 0.5%, or 1.0%). On d 10, blood samples were collected at 3 h after LPS (100 ${\mu}g$ LPS/kg body weight [BW]) or saline injection. On d 20 of the trial, all pigs were orally administrated D-xylose (0.1 g/kg BW) at 2 h, and blood samples were collected at 3 h after LPS or saline injection. As a result, dietary supplementation with 0.5% proline had a tendency to increase average daily gain (ADG) in piglets during d 10 to 20 (p = 0.088). Without LPS challenge, dietary supplementation with 1.0% proline had no effect on growth hormone (GH) concentrations on d 10 (p>0.05), but decreased it after LPS challenge (p<0.05). There was LPS challenge${\times}$proline interaction for GH concentrations on d 10 (p<0.05). Dietary supplementation with 1.0% proline decreased glucagon concentration on d 10 after LPS challenge (p<0.05). In addition, dietary supplementation with proline increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity significantly on d 10 and 20 (p<0.05), and 1.0% proline increased heat shock proteins-70 concentration on d 10 (p<0.05). Moreover, proline supplementation increased diamine oxidase (DAO) concentrations after LPS challenge (p<0.05). There was LPS challenge${\times}$proline interaction for DAO (p<0.05). Furthermore, dietary supplementation with 1.0% proline increased the D-xylose level when no LPS challenge (p<0.05). These results indicate that proline supplementation could improve growth performance, increase SOD activities, and has a positive effect on the gastrointestinal tract digestibility in early weaned pigs.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.22-25
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• 2004

Purpose: The heel fat pad has a unique structure that is important for its shock absorbing function. Loss of elasticity and change in the thickness of the heel pad have been suggested as cause of heel pain. The present study shows the relationship between the thickness of heel fat pad and age, sex, obesity and plantar heel pain. Materials and Methods: A study of heel pad thickness using plain lateral radiographs, unloaded by body weight, was carried out on 66 patients with plantar heel pain and 326 normal subjects. The population was divided into two or three groups according to their age, sex, body mass index, and the presence of symptom. We evaluated the differences in heel pad thickness between groups, and the relationship between BMI and Sex and Age was also determined, using statistically analytic method by SPSS version 10.1 program. Results: Heel pad thickness was greater in the subject over 40 years old (p<0.001), and in the overweight (p<0.001), and male heel pad was thicker than female (p<0.001). But there was no statistically significant difference for heel pad thickness between normal subject and plantar heel pain group. Conclusion: In this study, we found that there is a relationship between heel pad thickness and age, sex, and obesity. But we could not show that the difference of heel pad thickness is contributing factor to plantar heel pain. Although it could not be proved statistically, we believe that a change of heel pad thickness play a role in the development of heel pain. So we are planning to assess a relationship of heel pad elasticity and thickness and plantar heel pain again with prospective study method on the basis of the results of this study.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.18-29
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• 2008

NAND Flash memory has been growing popular storage device for the last years because of its low power consumption, fast access speed, shock resistance and light weight properties. However, it has the distinct characteristics such as erase-before-write architecture, asymmetric read/write/erase speed, and the limitation on the number of erasure per block. Due to these limitations, various Flash Translation Layers (FTLs) have been proposed to effectively use NAND flash memory. The systems that adopted the conventional FTL may result in severe performance degradation by the hot data which are frequently requested data for overwrite in the same logical address. In this paper, we propose a novel FTL algorithm called Adaptive Flash Translation Layer (AFTL) which uses sector mapping method for hot data and log-based block mapping method for cold data. Our system removes the redundant write operations and the erase operations by the separating hot data from cold data. Moreover, the read performance is enhanced according to sector translation that tends to use a few read operations. A series of experiments was organized to inspect the performance of the proposed method, and they show very impressive results.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.197-207
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• 2018

Thermal deterioration of fuel due to long-term storage influences engine performance and causes malfunctions. Fuel stability is usually evaluated via heat resistance and thermal stability during a brief heat shock at high temperature; storage stability in this scenario means that there is very little change in the quality of the fuel during long-term storage. In addition, rubber-based products such as oil seals, O-rings, and rubber hoses can influence the quality of the fuel. When these rubber products are in contact with fuel, they can swell, mechanically weaken, and occasionally crack, thus leaking low molar weight rubber and additives including plasticizer and antioxidant into the fuel to degrade its properties and shorten its useful lifetime. This study determines the thermal stabilities of three kinds of synthetic fuels by evaluating their low temperature kinematic viscosities, chemical composition changes via GC analyses, gross heat of combustion, and color changes. We evaluate the compression set of O-rings by immersing one NBR and two FKM rubber O-rings in the three synthetic fuel samples in airtight containers at variable storage temperatures for six months; from this, we estimate the lifetimes of the O-rings using the Power law model. There were very little changes in the chemical compositions and gross heat of combustion after six months of the experiment. The lifetimes are thus dependent on the materials of the rubber products, and in particular, the FKM O-ring was calculated to have a theoretical lifetime of 200 to 5,700 years. These results indicate that the synthetic fuels maintain their physical properties even after long-term storage at high temperatures, and the FKM O-ring is suitable for long-term sealing of these fuels.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.39-48
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• 1972

Two polyethylene tubes were inserted into the esophagus of anesthetized rabbit in order to record the fluctuation of the intraluminal pressure through the orifices located near the tips of the tubes. The orifice of the first tube was 10 cm apart from the incisor of the rabbit and the orifice of the second tube was 5 cm below that of the first one. The tubes were filled with saline solution running at various rates ranging from 1.5 ml/min. to 4.2 ml/min. The tubes were connected to the pressure transducers and the electrical signals were recorded by the physiograph. When the peristaltic wave approached to the orifice a rise in the pressure was recorded, returning to the base line when the portion of the orifice was quiescent. The frequency of the peristaltic motion and the velocity of the wave were studied in connection with the flow rate of saline solution through the tubes and in the case of massive acute hemorrhage. The results obtained were as follows: 1. There was reflux of fluid induced during the procedure of the experiment. This outwrad flow through the pharynx seemed to elicite swallowing reflexes. Accordingly, the frequency of peristalsis of the esophagus was largely dependent on the flow rate of the fluid through the inserted tubes. By the flow rate of 1.5 ml/min., 2.5 ml/min., or 4.2 ml/min., the frequencies of the peristalsis were revealed to be $8.6{\pm}3.6/10min.,\;14.5{\pm}4.8/10min.\;or\;21.1{\pm}6.3/10min.,$ respectively. The velocity of peristalsis also coincided with the enhanced motility of the esophagus, showing $6.6{\pm}1.5\;cm/sec.,\;8.9{\pm}3.9\;cm/sec.,\;or\;12.4{\pm}4.6\;cm/sec.,$ respectively. 2. By acute hemorrhage, amounting to 2% of the body weight, the frequency of the peristalsis increased to twofold of the control and the propagation velocity also increased by 52 percent. 3. Retransfusion of the shed blood resulted in divergent responses. In some cases there were noticable ameliorations of the effects brought by acute hemorrhage, and in the others there were still increasing tendenies of the motility after the transfusion. 4. Some speculation was made about the possibility of a kind of relationship between the irreversibility of the hemorrhagic shock and the absence of responses by transfusion. 5. The peristalsis persisted even after complete disconnection at the midportion of the esophagus, reaffirming the view of a central regulation of the spatiotemporally coordinated motility, peristalsis.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.135-142
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• 2008

The primary innovation in the new footwear is a heel lift of $20^{\circ}$ which is proposed to improve posture and balance as well as increase shock absorption. The purpose of this research was to compare the movement, forces and muscle activity between the new shoes and standard athletic footwear during standing and walking. Nine healthy subjects participated in this study. Data were collected at two times: 1) when the subjects first wore the new walking shoes and 2) after the subjects wore the shoes for 6 hours a day for two weeks. 1. During standing. the movement of the center of pressure is increased approximately 60% when wearing the new walking shoes compared to a control shoe. 2. During walking. the ankle is approximately $14^{\circ}$ more dorsiflexed during landing due to the 200heel lift in the new walking shoes. The knee compensates slightly by flexing approximately $2^{\circ}$ more. 3. As a result of the changes in the walking movement, the ground reaction forces are applied more quickly, although the peak magnitudes do rut change. 4. The resultant joint moments at the ankle and knee joints decrease from 21-60% with the largest reductions occurring during landing. In conclusion, the new footwear change the movement, showing a more upright stance. Also, the new footwear reduce joint loading at the joint during the landing and weight acceptance phase of walking. However, the influence of the new footwear is immediate and does rut change after wearing the shoes for two weeks.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.153-164
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• 1998

A study on factors related to stroke patients in three oriental medical hospitals in Taegu area was conducted from October 1997 through December 31, 1997. One hundred and sixty three hospitalized and ambulatory patients were interviewed by traind interviewers according to the questionnaires prepared in advance. The results are summarized as follows； male and female ratio of the subjects was 1 to 1.36, and of the subjects 36.8% were 60's of the age and 25.2% were 50's and 19.6％ were 70's. 74.7％ of the patients were married and 41.5％ of them had only six year education. 20％ of the subjects became stroke victims while they were engaged in physical activities, 16.2% while in sleep, 15.5％ because of psycological shock, and 7.2％ while drinking. Of 157 precisely diagnosed cases, cerebral infarction was the most frequent cause (47.7%), cerebral hemorrhage was the second (38.2%), and subarachnoid hemorrhage (5.1％) respectly, Of 161 cases, 64％ were normal in body weight, 26.7％ were obese and 9.3% were light. Of 163 cases, 65.6% of them did not drink alcohol. Of 162 cases, 63％ did not smoke cigarettes.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.127-127
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• 2017

Aluminum is the most abundant metallic element in the Earth's crust and considered as the most limiting factor for plant productivity in acidic soils. The inhibition of root growth is recognized as the primary effect of Al toxicity. Seeds of wheat cv. Keumkang (Korean cultivar) were germinated on petridish for 5 days and then transferred hydroponic apparatus which was treated with $0{\mu}M$ $AlCl_3$ (control), $100{\mu}M$ $AlCl_3$ and $150{\mu}M$ $AlCl_3$ for 5 days. The length of roots, shoots and fresh weight of wheat seedlings were decreased under aluminum stress. The concentrations of $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$ and $Ac^{2+}$ were decreased whereas $Al^{3+}$ and $P_2O_5{^-}$ concentration was increased under aluminum stress. Using confocal microscopy, the fluorescence intensity of aluminum was increased with morin staining. In this study, a proteome analysis was performed to identify proteins, which is responsible to aluminum stress in wheat roots. In 10-day-old seedlings, proteins were extracted from roots and separated by 2-DE, stained by CBB. Using image analysis, a total of 47 differentially expressed protein spots were selected, whereas 19 protein spots were significantly up-regulated such as s-adenosylmethionine, oxalate oxidase, malate dehydrogenase, cysteine synthase, ascorbate peroxidase and 28 protein spots were significantly down-regulated such as heat shock protein 70, o-methytransferase 4, enolase, amylogenin by aluminum stress following protein spots analyzed by LTQ-FTICR mass spectrometry. The results provide the global picture of Al toxicity-induced alterations of protein profiles in wheat roots, and identify the Al toxicity-responsive proteins related to various biological processes that may provide some novel clues about plant Al tolerance.