• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.495-501
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• 2000

Background : Cardiopulmonary exercise test is a useful test for the evaluation of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Obese subjects have an increased resting metabolic rate ($VO_2$) compared to non~obese subjects and the increase is more marked during dynamic exercise, which results in the limitation of maximal exercise in obese subjects. In this study, the influence of the obesity and fat distribution on the maximal exercise capacity were evaluated. Methods : Maximal exercise capacity was represented by maximam maximum oxygen uptake and $VO_2$ max in the cardiopulmonary test. Obesity, total fat content and abdomina1 obesity(waist to hip ratio, WHR) were measured by bioelectrical impedence method. Total of 42 volunteers (male 22, fema1e 20) were evaluated. Results : 1) Weight to height ratio (mean$\pm$SD) was 110$\pm$14.9% in men and 100$\pm$11.1% in women. 2) Fat ratio (mean$\pm$SD) was 23.3$\pm$5.2% in men and 27.55$\pm$3.9% in woman. 3) Waist to hip ratio (mean$\pm$SD) was 0.85$\pm$0.04 in men and 0.8$\pm$0.03 in woman. 4) In men, $VO_2$ max/min/Kg was negatively correlated with obesity, fat ratio, and abdominal fat distribution. 5) In woman, $VO_2$ max/Kg was negatively correlated with obesity and fat ratio, but did not show significant relationship with abdominal fat distribution. Conclusion : Obesity was a limiting factor for maximal exercise in both men and women. Abdominal obesity was a limiting factor for maximal exercise in men but its implication to women needs further evaluation.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.16-27
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of obesity and to examine the eating habits of elementary school students in Iksan dity. The study was carried out on 292 students(male: 151, female : 141)in May of 1997. The average height and weight of the subjects were 141 cm and 37kg in males and 142 cm and 36kg in females, which were similar to the average of Chonbuk. A Weight/Length Index(WLI), Broca Index, Rohrer Index(RI), Body Mass Index(BMI) and Waist Hip Ratio(WHR) were used as an obesity index to classify degree of obesity. WLI, Broca Index and RI were proper for judging child obesity and strict judgments were conducted in the order of RI, WLI and Brcoa Index. The subjects were classified as 30.8% underweight, 43.5% normal, 8.2% overweight and 17.5% obese by WLI and there were significant differences between height(p＜0.05) and weight(p＜0.01) according to obesity degree among the four groups. 50.3% of the boys and 55.3% of the girls are regularly, and the main reason they didn＇t ate regularly, and the maim reason they didn＇t eat breakfast(78.4%) was due to lack of time. The frequency of snacks were 1-2 times a week(40.4%), fruits(40.4%) from market and supermarket(68.2%). According to the survey 84.6%, 77.45, 78.1%, 69.9%, 59.9% and 86.6% of subjects didn＇t eat meat, fish, soysauce, instant food, sugar and seaweed respectively. Seaweed, meat, and soysauce showed low preferences. 69.5% and 74.75 of the subjects drink milk and ate kimchi respectively. By analyzing eating habits according to the degree of obesity, the rate of skipping breakfast(p＜0.01), and eating meat or fish(p＜0.05) were high in the overweight and obese groups of girls. In the boys case, the rate of not eating food in sugar(p＜0.05) was high in the obese group. Obese children need to correct their eating habit. This reasserts the importance of nutrition education in children though teachers, parents, and dietitions. The findings of this study may be applied to nutrition education to ensure better physical fitness for children.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.413-418
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• 2015

Recent cross-sectional studies indicate that obesity is a risk factor for periodontal disease. This study was aimed to investigate whether the four-week weight control program including caloric restriction and exercise training could have an effect on periodontal health. Forty-one obese (body mass index [BMI] ${\geq}25.0$) and five overweight ($23.0{\leq}BMI<25.0$) students participated in the weight control program. Anthropometric data and oral examination data were collected at the baseline and at the 27th day. BMI, waist hip ratio (WHR), and percent of body fat (PBF) of the subjects decreased significantly, but gingival index, sites with bleeding on probing (BOP), and sites with shallow pocket depth didn't show the significant changes in paired t-test. There was no difference in the outcomes according to smoking, drinking alcohol, and sex. Nevertheless, PBF and sites with BOP (r=0.777) and WHR and sites with shallow pocket depth (r=0.444) showed positive correlations. PBF accounted for 58.9% of the variance in sites of BOP in regression analysis. We suggested that obesity might relate with periodontal health, although it was not clear whether weight control could influence on periodontal health directly.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2004

Objectives: The effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}2\;(PPAR{\gamma}2)$ Pro12Ala (P12A) polymorphism on body mass index (BMI) and type 2 diabetes are well documented; however, until now, only a few studies have evaluated the effects of this polymorphism on body fat distribution. This study was conducted to elucidate the effects of this polymorphism on computed tomography (CT)-measured body fat distribution and other obesity-related parameters in Korean female subjects. Methods & Results: The frequencies of $PPAR{\gamma}2$ genotypes were: PP type, 93.0%; PA type, 6.8%; and AA type, 0.2%. The frequency of the A allele was 0.035. Body weight (P .012), BMI (P .012), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (P .001) were significantly higher in subjects with PA/AA compared with subjects with PP. When body composition was analyzed by bioimpedance analysis, lean body mass and body water content were similar between the 2 groups. However, body fat mass (P .003) and body fat percent (P .025) were significantly higher in subjects with PA/AA compared with subjects with PP. Among overweight subjects with BMI of greater than 25, PA/AA was associated with significantly higher abdominal subcutaneous fat (P .000), abdominal visceral fat (P .031), and subcutaneous upper and lower thigh adipose tissue (P .010 and .013). However, among lean subjects with BMI of less than 25, no significant differences associated with $PPAR{\gamma}2$ genotype were found, suggesting that the fat-accumulating effects of the PA/AA genotype were evident only among overweight subjects, but not among lean subjects. When serum lipid profiles, glucose, and liver function indicators were compared among overweight subjects, no significant difference associated with $PPAR{\gamma}2$ genotype was found. Changes in body weight, BMI, WHR, and body fat mass were measured among overweight subjects who finished a 1-month weight lose program of a hypocaloric diet and exercise; no significant differences associated with $PPAR{\gamma}2$ genotype were found. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the $PPAR{\gamma}2$ PA/AA genotype is associated with increased subcutaneous and visceral fat areas in overweight Korean female subjects, but does not significantly affect serum biochemical parameters and outcomes of weight loss programs.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2020

Objectives: Obesity is becoming more popular disease worldwide. Because of the side effects of conventional obesity treatment modality, herbal medicine treatment is becoming more preferred. Gambihwan which including Ephedra sinica Staph is widely used in traditional Korean Medicine practice for obesity treatment. Garcinia cambogia is a kind of health functional food that has body fat reducing effect. Nowadays, ephedra and Garcinia cambogia are often used simultaneously in clinical practice of Korean Medicine. However, the effectiveness and safety of combination therapy in obesity treatment is not well established. Methods: We conducted retrospective observational study to explore effectiveness and safety of combination therapy. We evaluated effect of combined treatment of Gambihwan and Garcinia cambogia on body weight, body mass index, body fat mass, and waist hip ratio reduction. We also assessed safety via liver function test and adverse event. Results: Finally, 23 patients were included. In paired t-test, body weight significantly decreased from 64.50±14.50 kg to 62.94±13.85 kg (P<0.001) and body mass index were also significantly decreased from 24.43±3.79 kg/㎡ to 23.83±3.59 kg/㎡ (P<0.001). Body fat mass was also reduced. Aspartate transaminase and alanine aminotransferase were not significantly increased. There were no drug-induced liver injury and no severe adverse event. Conclusions: In our retrospective review, we found combination therapy of Gambihwan and Garcinia cambogia reduce body weight, body mass index and body fat mass. There were no severe adverse event and drug induced liver injury which indicated safety of combination therapy in obesity treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.303-310
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• 2013

Forty two female students whose fat mass ratio was over 30% were participated in the experiment of fat mass loss of two treatments for 8 weeks. They kept diary for foods they ate every day, took a picture of the foods, transmitted the picture to the experimenter by the camera phone. Among those, 28 students took the picture by regular camera phone (Treatment A), and the other students used smart phone (Treatment B). Fat mass weight and its related variables had been measured repeatedly four times at an interval of two weeks during 8 weeks. It was shown from mixed model analysis of repeated measurements data that AR(1) covariance matrix was selected as the optimal covariance matrix pattern. The correlation between two successive times is highly correlated as 0.838. Based upon the AR(1) covariance matrix structure, the students using smart phones were somewhat more effective in losing fat mass weight than the students using regular camera phones. The time effect was highly significant, but the treatment-time interaction effect was insignificant. The baseline effect and total cholesterol were found to be significant, but the calories with taking foods were somewhat significant, but the waist to hip ratio was found to be insignificant.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.54-64
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• 2008

We examined the effect of dietary behavior improvement on diet quality, body composition and blood lipid profiles in 68 middle-aged women. Dietary behavior intervention was consisted of counselling in the problem areas of portion control, food selection for low carbohydrate and high fiber food items, and education on the improvement of micronutrient intakes and diet quality. The subjects were divided into two groups; Improved or Not-Improved Group according to the level of changes in dietary behavior scores. After 6 months, body weight, BMI, waist-hip ratio, and visceral fat area were significantly decreased in the Improved Group compared to the Not-Improved Group. Calorie-adjusted protein, fiber, calcium, iron and vitamin C intakes were significantly increased in the Improved Group. The index of nutritional quality (INQ) and mean adequacy ratio (MAR) were increased only in the Improved Group. We observed a significantly increase in HDL-cholesterol and a decrease in total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol, and an improvement of atherogenic index in the Improved Group. These results showed that dietary behavior intervention improved dietary behavior scores, and those whose dietary behavior score improved showed more improvement in diet quality, body composition, and serum profiles than those whose dietary behavior score did not improve.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.63-77
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• 2010

Objectives : It is known that abdominal obesity increases the possibility of cardiovascular diseases, early death, and metabolic syndrome including dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. Clinical trials have been under way to verify the effectiveness of treatment for abdominal obesity. The objective of this study is to set criteria about how effective oriental medicine and acupuncture are in abdominal obesity. Methods : I manually search "www.clinicaltrial.gov", 4 Korean medical databases and 4 Korean medical journals of abdominal obesity. Search terms used were "abdominal obesity" or "visceral obesity". In order to see detail review, searching was performed from 01, 01, 2005 to 11, 31, 2009. And I classified all the searched studies into design, intervention, purpose, end point, diseases, condition and etc. Results : 1. I could search total 67 trials in "www.clinicaltrial.gov". I found 9, 10, 13, 8, 6 clinical trial from 2005 to 2009 every year. 2. Test on both gender and adult or adult and senior have been most frequent. 3. Randomization clinical trial is 51 cases that occupied 96.2%. 38 cases use control group. 4. Body mass index(BMI) and waist circunference(WC) are major criteria of abdominal obesity clincal trial. WC, BMI, abdominal fat mass, body weight are measured at end point of abdominal obesity clincal trial. 5. I could search total 86 cases in domestic study. I found 15, 23, 23, 20, 5 cases from 2005 to 2009 every year. 6. Test on female and adult have been most frequent in domestic study. 7. Randomization clincal trial is only 2 cases that occupied 2.3%. 62 cases use control group in domestic study. 8. BMI, body fat percent, WC, visceral-subcutaneous fat ratio(VSR), waist-hip ratio(WHR) are criteria of abdominal obesity clincal trial in domestic study. WC, BMI, abdominal fat mass, body weight are measured at end point of abdominal obesity clincal trial in domestic study. Conclusions : To improve abdominal obesity study in traditional korean medicine, it is need to activate clinical trial, meta analysis, develope of clinical practice guidelines, co-works with conventional medicine and etc.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.751-757
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• 2007

Objectives : The aim of this study was to provide basic background information on stroke by evaluating various etiological factors on the basis that the onset time of cerebral infarction varies according to its cause. Methods : We studied hospitalized patients within 4 weeks after their ictus who were admitted at Kyunghee OMC, Kyungwon OMC, or Donguk Ilsan OMC from [month] $1^{st}$, 2005 to June $30^{th}$, 2007. We compared the general characteristics of acute stroke patients according to onset time. Results : Regardless of the onset time, the distribution of cerebral infarction patterns showed high SVO. The onset time did not show significant difference for average age, height, weight, BMI, waist measurement, hip measurement, or waist/hip ratio between onset during sleep and awakening. Patients whose stroke occurred while awake were more likely to have a past history of HTN, DM, ischemic heart disease, or atrial fibrillation but did not show significant difference according to their onset time. Conclusions : The above results show that the overall tendency of acute stage cerebral infarction patients varies according to their onset time. This study was carried out on the basis of previous findings that cerebral infarctions that occurred during sleep were more likely to have been caused by cerebral thrombosis, and strokes that occurred while awake were more likely to have been caused by cerebral embolism. However, there were no statistically relevant results, so a larger study group is needed to research the tendency of stroke patients.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.48-62
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• 2009

1. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze the physical and psychological characteristics of each Sasang type groups which were classified by Sasang medicine specialist. 2. Methods: The subjects were 115 (85.2% of male) university students with $26.8\pm5.4$ yrs. of age and $12.9\pm1.7$ yrs. of education. We can get 30 of Soyang type, 39 of Taeeum type, 46 of Soeum type after the Sasang type classification. Their physical characteristics were measured with Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (Inbody 720, Biospace, Seoul), and psychological characteristics with Temperament and Character Inventory (Maumsarang, Seoul). The general linear model (SPSS 12.0, SPSS Inc, Chicago) were used for the analysis with gender and age as covariance. 3. Results and Conclusions: Taeeum type group ($75.64\pm13.01$, $26.12\pm4.16$, $15.74\pm2.42$, $11.30\pm1.80$, $3.93\pm0.62$, $18.43\pm7.70$) showed significantly bigger weight, intra-cellular water, extra-cellular water, protein, mineral, body fat mass than Soeum type group ($61.32\pm8.56$, $22.54\pm3.87$, $13.70\pm2.15$, $9.74\pm1.68$, $3.35\pm0.51$, $10.79\pm3.97$). In obesity degree such as Body Mass Index and Waist-hip ratio, and circumference measures in chest, waist and hip, we found significant differences in the order of Taeeum>Soyang>Soeum. As a psychological perspectives Soyang type group ($41.90\pm13.32$) has higher NS (Novelty-Seeking) score than Soeum type group ($35.22\pm11.22$) with marginal significance (p=0.052). In sub-scale measurements Soeum type group ($10.61\pm3.69$) has significantly lower value than other two groups in P3 (Ambition). The results of present study showed that Taeeum type by specialist has same physical characteristics as previously reported QSCC II based studies. Temperament profile of each Sasang type group will serve as an important evidence for further study showing that the Sasang typology has biological basis.