• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.27-35
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• 2009

In this study, the fire resistance performance of a simple support composite beam, which was sprayed with fire protection coatings, was evaluated. Primary valuables of the study are loading and unloading, shape of composite beam and metal lath of the web. The thickness of the fire protection coating to the three hour resistance is 40mm, but the fire resistance test was performed with 25mm coatings. The test result showed that TSC composit beams with 25mm fire protection coatings can resist on fire for three hours at the both loading and unloading tests. Average and maximum temperatures were less than $250^{\circ}C$ and $310^{\circ}C$ respectively, compared with the standard temperatures for fire resistance on the loading and unloading tests.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.43-53
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• 2024

Background: Exposure assessment is an important part of risk assessment for consumer products. Exposure models are used when estimating consumer exposures by considering exposure routes, subjects, and circumstances. These models differ based on their tiers, types, and target populations. Consequently, exposure estimates may vary between models. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the results of different exposure models using identical exposure factors. Methods: Chemical exposure from consumer products was calculated using four consumer exposure assessment models: Targeted Risk Assessment 3.1, Consumer Exposure Model 2.1 (CEM), ConsExpo web 1.1.1, and the Korean Exposure Algorithm (primary and detailed) issued by the Ministry of Environment, No. 972 (MOE). The same exposure factors were used in each model to calculate inhalation and dermal exposures to acetaldehyde, d-limonene, and naphthalene in all-purpose cleaners, leather coating sprays, and sealants. Results: In the results, TRA provided the highest estimate. Generally, MOE (detailed), CEM and ConsExpo showed lower exposures. The inhalation exposure for leather coating spray showed the largest differences between models, with differences reaching up to 1.2×10⁷ times. Since identical inputs were used for the calculations, it is likely that the models significantly influenced the estimated results. Conclusions: Despite using the same exposure factors to calculate dermal and inhalation exposures, the results varied substantially based on the model's exposure algorithm. Therefore, selecting an exposure model for assessing consumer products should be done with careful consideration.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.84.1-84.1
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• 2010

Currently, new and renewable energy come into the spotlight, such as solar energy, wind power, fuel cell, hybrid car etc., due to the energy resource is being depleted. Especially, in order to solve like this problem, the study of solar cell manufacturing systems are being extensively researched such as vacuum process. But the major fault of the vacuum process are its expensive production price. On the order hand, Roll-to-roll printing system, the new technology of solar cell manufacturing, has low production price compare with the vacuum process. Also roll-to-roll printing system can decrease the 95% of waste water and 99.9% of harmful gasses than the vacuum process. So we addressed the roll to roll printing system for the flexible solar cell by using printing technology. This roll-to-roll printing system is comprised of various modules, such as web handling module, fine pattern printing module, dry/curing module, uniform coating module and laminating module etc.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.369-374
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• 2015

This study analyzed analyzes the energy performance of six houses in Daejeon completed which were built in 2011. Observed The observed houses, which were all designed and constructed inof the same size and structure, are were highly insulated with triple Low-E coating windows; the insulation level of the walls is was $0.13W/m^2K$ and that of the roof is was $0.10W/m^2K$. As electric houses, all of the energy supplied to the houses, including for cooking, is was supplied by electricity. A and 3~4 kWp of photovoltaic system and a 3~5 kW of ground source heat pump (GSHP) were installed in each house tofor providing provide space heating/and cooling and hot water are installed. We constructed a Web-based remote monitoring system in order to understand energy consumption and the dynamic behavior of the energy system. T, and the results of our metering data analysis of 2013 are as follows. First, the annual residential energy consumption is was 4,400 kWh (${\sigma}=1,209$) and GSHP energy consumption is was 5,182 kWh (${\sigma}=1,164$). Second, residential energy consumption ranked highest in average energy usage, with at 45% of the total, followed by heating with at 30%, hot water supply with at 17% and cooling with at 6%. Third, the average energy independence rate is was 51.8%, the GFA (Gross gross floor area) criteria average energy consumption unit is was $48.7kWh/m^2yr$ (${\sigma}=10.1$), and the net energy consumption unit (except the energy yield of the PV systems) is was $24.7kWh/m^2yr$ (${\sigma}=8.8$).

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.76-82
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• 1997

In paper the evenness of planar distribution of mass in a small scale is called formation (orbetter:mass formation). Traditionally formation has been assessed visually, by looking the sheet of paper against transmitted light. Different kinds of optieal testers are being usd to obtain quantitative rankings htat would be independent of the observer but would well correspond to the visual assessment. However, various raw-material and process factors do influence light trans-mittance in paper and do impair the correspondence between basis weight and the optical formation measurement (or visual assessment). As the optical formation test methods do not incorporate an efficient calib ration routine, the formation of the sophisticated paper grades of today the is rather difficult to measure optically and may lead to erroneous results. It may be concluded that the optical measurement is not suitable for paper grades with high filler content. coating, heavy calendering or that are made of heavily beaten pulp, nordoes it apply for dyed or printed papers. For this reason, visual assessment and optical evaluation shoild be replaced with a measurement that gives reliable results independent on paper grode and manufacturing process. Formation measuremend based on beta radiation is suitable for all paper grades regardless to the material contents or process treatment. It is possible to measure even dyed or printed samples. Thonks to a sim ple and relioble calibration, the results are converted to real basis weight balues that remain reliable even with time. The only beta tester commercially available is the AMBERTEC Beta Formation Tester. Formation of paper does vary locally in the web. Typically there exists a formation profile, too similarly to other properties of paper. Therefore, formation should ？ ays be expressed as a mean of a sufficient amount of parallel determinations. All formation measurements should be calibrated against basis weight.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.113-119
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• 2016

Purpose: In this study, we evaluate the annual energy performance of the detached house which was designed with the aim of zero energy. Method: The experimental house which was constructed in Gonju Chungnam in 2013, is the single family detached house of light weight wood frame with $100m^2$ of heating area. Thermal transmittance of roof (by ISO 10211) and building external walls are designed as $0.10W/m^2K$ and $0.14W/m^2$ respectively and low-e coating vacuum window glazing with PVC frame was installed. Also grid connected PV system and natural-circulation solar water heater was applied and 6kWp capacity of photovoltaic module was installed in pitched roof and $5m^2$ of solar collector in vertical wall facing the south. We analyzed the 2014 annual data of the detached house in which residents were actually living, measured though web-based remote monitoring system. Result: First, as a result, total annual energy consumption and energy production (PV generation and solar hot water) are 7,919kWh and 7,689kWh respectively and the rate of energy independence is 97.1% which is almost close to the zero energy. Second, plug load and hot water of energy consumption by category showed the highest numbers each with 33% and 31%, with following space heating 24%, electric cooker 8%, lighting 3% in order. Hot water supply is relatively higher than space heating because high insulation makes it decreased.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.389-393
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• 2003

The effect of antireflection layer on the reduction of optical loss has been investigated in Si photodiodes detecting red light with central wavelength of 670 nm. The theoretical analysis showed minimum reflection loss of 6% for the $SiO_2$thickness of about $1100∼1200\AA$ in the $SiO_2$-Si system with the single antireflection layer and no reflection loss for the X$N_3$N$_4$$SiO_2$thickness of $2000\AA$/$1200\AA$ in the $Si_3$$N_4$$SiO_2$-Si system with double antireflection layer. In our experiments, Si photodiodes with the web-patterned $p^{＋}$-shallow diffusion region were fabricated by bipolar IC process technology and the devices were classified into three kinds according to the structure of $Si_3$$N_4$/$SiO_2$antireflection layer. The fabricated devices showed maximum spectral response in the optical spectrum of 650∼700 nm. The average photocurrents of the devices with the $Si_3$$N_4$$SiO_2$thickness of $1000\AA$/X$SiO\AA$, and $2000\AA$$1800\AA$ under the incident power, of -17 dBm were 3.2 uA, 3.5 uA and 3.1 uA, respectively.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.276-281
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• 2015

Nanostructured $TiO_2-SiO_2$ materials have widely been used as anti-reflecting coating, optical-chemical sensors and catalysts because of their superior optical and thermal properties as well as chemical durability. Web type $SiO_2$ microfibers with nano-crystalline $TiO_2$ were prepared by electrospinning of Ti-PCS mixed solution and oxidation controlled heat-treatment, rather simple than sol-gel process. Nano-crystalline anatase phase were formed for the heat-treatment up to $1200^{\circ}C$ and they were finely dispersed in the amorphous $SiO_2$ matrix.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.367-371
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• 2019

In this study, we proposed the sacrificial anode cathodic protection method as a countermeasure to reduce the corrosion of railway rails under oceanic climatic conditions and proved the anticorrosive effect experimentally. In addition, the proposed sacrificial anode cathodic protection method were tested on site to examine long-term rail corrosion monitoring and field applicability for more than 26 months and to prove the effectiveness of rail corrosion. As a result of monitoring the corrosion state using the cellophane tape method, the appearance of the applied sections with sacrificial anode cathodic protection method was good at the present time about 26 months after the field test laying, and no abnormalities and other abnormalities of the rail welded section and the rail web were found. Hence, in places where no sacrificial anodes were installed, rust progressed rapidly. In addition, the proper spacing of sacrificial anodes was found to form the most stable corrosion coating at 1.0 ~ 1.5m. After about 26 months of monitoring, the installation of sacrificial anodes could help stabilize the overall rail corrosion level, even if the spacing was somewhat wider.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.254-262
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• 2011

Purpose: This study aims to evaluate and prospect for current research trend and developmental perspectives via analyzing recent biomaterial coated-implants study. Materials and methods: To investigate each subject respectively, several biomaterials that are using for implant surface coating were set as 'keywords'. By these keywords, major research groups in each subject were chosen, and research trend of them was analyzed. Trend of In vivo studies that examined selected biomaterials were analyzed to evaluate commercial potential. Results: The collagen research accounted for 40% of total implant study, which was the highest, and fibronectin, BMPs (bone morphogenetic proteins) and RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) peptides followed, which were ranked in descending order. Furthermore, figures of all four research subjects were also increased with time, especially a sharp increase in RGD research. According to the results of major research group, collagen that was combined with other organic and inorganic biomaterials was mostly examined, rather than using collagen only. Major research groups investigating BMPs mostly focused on rhBMP-2. In animal studies, collagen was used as resorbable membrane in guided bone regeneration (GBR) or drug carrier, while BMPs were used with bone graft materials or coating material for titanium implant surface. Conclusion: There is not consistency of results even in identical subjects research field. Many studies are ongoing to optimize combination between mechanical surface treatment and biomaterials such as extracellular matrix component and growth factors.