• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.245-254
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• 2009

In recent years, environmental pollution by phannaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the aquatic environment is of great concern worldwide. Recent studies have been reported to occur in a variety of environmental organisms such as surface, drinking and ground water, soils, sediments and hospitals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the occurrence and environmental behavior of fourteen human PPCPs in surface waters of Mankyung River in South Korea. We were conducted to field survey for water quality and PPCPs analysis at November, 2006. PPCPs were analyzed by liquid chromatograph coupled with a tandem mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS/MS). The concentration of COD was measured to be 2.37$\sim$19.71 mg/L, which was belong to 4$\sim$5 grade in water quality criteria of lake. Station 2 that there is no pollution in upper stream, was appeared to lower concentration. The concentration of TN and TP, that is cause matter of eutrophication, were found to be 7.78$\sim$35.42 mg/L and 0.08$\sim$0.95 mg/L, respectively, which were exceeding 5 grade in Lake water quality criteria. The 11 kind of PPCPs compounds except levofloxacin and triclosan were detected to Mankyung river. PPCPs concentrations of STP(Sewer Treatment Plant) effluents and aquatic environment in Mankyung river have been detected in the range from dozens of ng/L to hundreds of ${\mu}g/L$ that by order of atenolol, carbamazepine, propranolol, Ibuprofen, erythromycin, ifenprodil, clarithromycin, mefenamic acid, fluconazole, indomethacin, disopyramide. PPCPs concentration of Station 1 and 5, which was influenced by Jeonju STP and Wanju STP, was detected high values. Station 2 that there is no pollution, showed lower values. Station 3 which joined Gosan stream and Jeonju stream and station 4 which influenced by stock wastewater was detected to low values.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.561-569
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• 2012

To evaluate the bacteriological water quality in Yongnam-Gwangdo, located in western Jinhae Bay, seawater samples were analyzed using sanitary indicator bacteria at 57 sampling stations. According to survey results from January 2007 to December 2009, the range of the geometric mean and the estimated 90th percentile for coliforms and fecal coliforms in the samples were <1.8-16.5 and 1.8-246.8 MPN/100 mL and <1.8-7.1 and 1.8-74.8 MPN/100 mL, respectively. The samples, including those taken from stations located in Wonmunman, Gwangdo, and Dangdong, showed high levels of microbial contamination caused by the climate and weather patterns in the marine environment. The bacteriological water quality in the area met Korean criteria for a designated shellfish growing area for export and National Shellfish Sanitation Program criteria for an approved shellfish growing area, except at station #49. A total of 24 direct pollution sources were discharged into the shellfish growing area. The radius of impact was calculated for each pollution source to assess the effect on the shellfish growing area. The calculated radius of impact for most of the pollution sources was below 300 m. However, the radius of impact for the combined pollution sources in Kyeonnaeryang was 93-1973 m. There were significant differences between the calculated closed sea area and actual monitoring results. The closed sea area values calculated from the fecal coliform load in drainage water tended to be higher than the actual monitoring results. Tidal currents and environmental factors such as salinity, water temperature, sunlight, and microbiological factors affect the survival of fecal indicator bacteria in seawater.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.1321-1332
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• 2014

The key objective of this study was to evaluate trophic state and empirical water quality models along with analysis of fish trophic guilds in relation to water chemistry (N, P). Trophic state index (TSI), based on total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll-a (CHL), ranged between oligotrophic and hypereutrophic state, by the criteria of Nurnberg(1996), and was lower than the trophic state of total nitrogen (TN). Trophic relations of Secchi depth (SD), TN, TP, and CHL were compared using an empirical models of premonsoon (Pr), monsoon (Mo), and postmonsoon (Po). The model analysis indicated that the variation in water transparency of Secchi depth (SD) was largely accounted (p < 0.001, range of $R^2$ : 0.76-0.80) by TP during the seasons of Mo and Po and that the variation of CHL was accounted (p < 0.001, $R^2=0.70$) up to 70% by TP during the Po season. The eutrophication tendency, based on the $TSI_{TP}$ vs. $TSI_{N:P}$ were predictable ($R^2$ ranged 0.85-0.90, p < 0.001), slope and y intercept indicated low seasonal variability. In the mean time, $TSI_{N:P}$ vs. $TSI_{CHL}$ had a monsoon seasonality in relation to values of $TSI_{N:P}$ during the monsoon season due to a dilution of reservoir waters by strong monsoon rainfall. Trophic compositions of reservoir fish reflected ambient contents of TN, TP, and CHL in the reservoir waters. Thus, the proportions of omnivore fish increased with greater trophic conditions of TP, TN and CHL and the proportions of insectivore fish decreased with greater trophic conditions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.519-519
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• 2003

We performed a hydrochemical study on a total of 89 bedrock groundwaters collected from preexisting wells (30 to 300 m deep) in the Boeun area. Hydrochemical data showed significant variations in the area, due to varying degrees of anthropogenic pollution. The waters were mostly enriched in Ca and HCO$_3$ but locally contained significant concentrations of anthropogenic constituents in the general order of Cl >NO$_3$>SO$_4$. In particular, about 11% of the examined wells exceeded the drinking water standard with respect to nitrate. We consider that aquifers in the area are locally highly susceptible to the contamination related to agricultural activities. Diagrams showing the relationships between the summation of cations (∑cations) and the concentration of several anions with different origin (natural versus anthropogenic) were used to estimate the relative role of anthropogenic contamination. A good correlation was observed for the relationship between ∑cations and bicarbonate, indicating that water-rock interaction (namely, hydrolysis of silicate minerals) is most important to control the water quality. Thus, we made an assumption that the equivalent of dissolved cations for a water should be equal to the alkalinity, if the chemistry were controlled solely by a set of natural weathering reactions. If we excluded the equivalent quantities of cations and bicarbonate (natural origin) from the acquired data for each sample, the remainder therefore could be considered to reflect the degree of anthropogenic contamination. Finally, we performed a multiple regression approach for hydrochemical data using the ∑cations as a dependent variable and the concentration data of each anion (natural or anthropogenic) as an independent variable. Using this approach, we could estimate the relative roles of anthropogenic and natural processes. Rather than the conventional evaluation scheme based on water quality criteria, this approach will be more useful and reasonable for the evaluation of groundwater quality in a specific region and also can be used for planning appropriate protection and remedial actions.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.13-19
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• 2013

The Chongok karst cave which is located in Donghae-city, has high tourist and educational value due to existence of many doline(sink hole). Whereas this cave is easy to approach for the tourists, because this cave is located near the downtown, a high environmental riskiness such as sewage flowing has been also involved. In study, we observed the variation of water quality with long-term monitoring and investigated the possibility of existence of impact factor to water eco-system and determined the proper long-term monitoring factor among many monitoring criteria. The groundwater quality was maintained in the range of about $14^{\circ}C$ in temperature, over 10mg/l in dissolved oxygen and 7-8 in pH, so the impact factor in water eco-system was not observed. The guide line to make sure of tourist safety was determined to 60mm/d as daily rainfall. The conductivity was suggested to main factor for long-term monitoring main factor and pH/turbidity was suitable for the supplementary factor. For the seasonal variation monitoring, ORP was recommended.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.413-420
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• 2008

In order to utilize cinder melting slag as a filter media to control the quality of early rainwater, its environmental stability was verified by heavy metal elution experiment and improved by pre-treatment. Possibilities of improving its function as an absorbent was considered. Absorption characteristics of melting slag before and after the pre-treatment were analyzed by heavy metal equilibrium and stationary-phase column experiments, which in turn were analyzed by comparison experiment with activated carbon. As a result of heavy metal elution experiment, every metal item existed in a much lower amount than the criteria or was not detected, implying that there is no problem recycling it. Absorption equilibrium experiment showed that the time for pre-treatment melting slag to reach the equilibrium was reduced, while the absorbed amount was greatly increased. Stationary-phase column experiment assures us that the elimination rate was not changed much by influx rate, pH and the change in packing volume rate, indicating that this melting slag can be used not only as a filter media to control the quality of early rainwater but also in many areas of water-processing.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.165-167
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is introduction of social and economic benefits of environmental improvements of Korea green road certification system. Focus of Evaluation Criteria is possibility of quantification on environmental improvements. Proposed evaluation items is noise, air pollution, water quality, ecological and green spaces, waste, and space resistance. The results of this study is expected to be used to support of Green Roads Rating System in korea.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.113-123
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• 2011

Objectives: Industrial development in Korea results in a rapid increase in the number of chemicals, some of which may be responsible for toxicity to aquatic ecosystems. In addition, the types of hazardous chemicals included in industrial effluents have gradually increased. Therefore, chemical analysis alone is not enough to assess ecological effects of toxic chemicals in wastewater. Methods: In response to new regulations as whole effluent toxicity (WET) tests for effluent discharge of 15 publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) and 25 industrial effluent treatment plants in Gyeonggi-do, which will be effective from 2011, a necessity of studies emerges that investigates toxicity levels. Results: In case of the public treatment plants, none of them had exceeded the criteria for ecotoxicity. As for individual wastewater discharge facilities, on the other hand, two types were found to exceed the criteria: pulp and paper manufacturing facilities and pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities. For the pulp and paper manufacturing facilities, monitoring results could not help determine the exact toxicant identification. However, Daphnia magna inhibition effect or death was found to leave white plums, suggesting that suspended solids treated and the polymer used in coagulant dose. In case of pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities, the general water quality parameters cannot affect Daphia magna. However, conductivity and salinity can have an effect to be 14,000 ${\mu}s/cm$, 8.1‰ by salts, respectively. Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) and Toxicity Reduction Evaluation (TRE) procedures results appeared to be effective for identifying toxic compounds in $Cl^{-}$ and $SO_4^{2-}$. Conclusions: It is necessary to develop control measures for water treatment chemicals and salts used for processes such as coagulation in individual wastewater discharge facilities in order to achieve the goal to protect aquatic ecosystems in public waters.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.771-778
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• 2008

Effects of establishments of more sewer systems on water quality in Nam River, Deokchun River, and Jinyang Lake were analyzed for various scenarios using QUAL2E, WASP 7 water quality model. Three different scenarios were tested: 1) 20.8% of sewer diffusion rate which is same to the existing condition. 2) Expansion of sewer system to 65.2% which would emit less pollutants, BOD 2350.5 kg/d, TN 216.0 kg/d, TP 44.0kg/d. 3) Pollutants emission to maintain first grade water quality in Nam River, Jinyang Lake, BOD and TN in the case 2 were 7.69%, 2.10% lower than those in the case 1 in the Nam River. And in the Jinyang Lake, BOD, TN, and TP in the case 2 were 10.25%, 1.37%, 2.94% lower than those in the case 1. However the simulations showed that water quality could not hold down first grade water quality standard level with the establishments of more sewer systems. To satisfy the criteria in the Nam River and Jinyang Lake, BOD emission must be reduced 27.2%, 37.05% compared to those in the case 1.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.334-340
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• 2017

A pilot-scale electrodialysis system was designed and constructed to treat groundwater polluted with arsenic and manganese. Synthetic groundwater, in which some amount of arsenic and manganese was added to make 500 mg/L of Mn and $50{\mu}g/L$ of As, was used as a feed for the ED system. The limiting current density, linear water velocity, applied voltage, and membrane surface area were investigated to obtain efficient and economic operation of the ED system. The linear water velocity was increased 0.74 cm/s to 11 cm/s based on evaluation of limiting current density. The water quality of diluate for 85 minutes of operation was satisfied with water quality criteria for drinking water using the ED system with 14 pairs of ion exchange membranes. The increased membrane pairs to 21 and 42 pairs were very effective to reduce conductivities of the diluate. The operation cost of the ED system was assessed using specific energy consumption, which was $1.065{\sim}1.2kWh/m^3$. Considering low salt concentrations of the groundwater, improvement of the ED system are required to increase current utilization and to apply low voltage while the ED system was applicable to produce drinking water.