• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.02a
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• pp.541-544
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• 2008

Generally numerical analysis of tunnel lining, under dynamic loading condition, performed not considering pore pressure. But if tunnel excavated under the surface of water, such as bottom of the sea, the river bed, tunnel lining can take pore water pressure. It may be different from evaluated numerical analysis not considering pore pressure. Therefore tunnel design should consider effect of water pressure acting on tunnel lining.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1999.04a
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• pp.160-165
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• 1999

Osmotic pressure induced by semi-permeability of hardened cement pasts and cement mortar was studied, which was considered to be a cause of failure such as separation and blistering of floor coatings or wall coatings from the concrete substrate. The specimens with a water cement ratio of 45, 60 and 75% were installed between the solution of sodium chloride and distilled water. First, we measured water flux from distilled water to sodium chloride and the ion flux of Na+ and Cl- through the specimens. Then, we measured osmotic pressure induced by semi-permeability of the specimens using an apparatus which was specially developed for this study. It was made clear that hardened cement paste and cement mortar have properties of semipermeability, and the osmotic pressure is closely related to their water cement ratio. Finally, we calculated the osmotic pressure according to Staverman's equation, which was obtained for organic membranes, and tried to explain quantitatively the observed pressure.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.114-122
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• 2018

In this paper, we propose new water pressure measurement system to measure the water pressure of water pipe laid underground beneath the manhole efficiently. For this purpose, we installed water pressure sensor(IoT) which has built-in bluetooth module at valve of water pipe. The proposed system can be managed through collected data which measured at sensor and then transmitted to smart phone through bluetooth connectivity and re-transmitted to server on this system. By checking out water pressure data stored in server from remote location, the persons in charge can confirm the leakage of water pipe or propriety of water pressure in management area. By this procedure, they can detect the existence of condition of water pipe and manage water pressure of water pipe efficiently.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.23-28
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• 2012

Pressure distribution in the water supply system of an apartment complex consisting of 12 buildings and 635 units in total have been investigated numerically. The complex incorporates two zone booster pump system, and around a half of units have pressure reducing valves (PRVs) in them. Calculated hydrostatic pressure without the water flow were compared with their designed and measured counterparts, and they agreed quite well with each other. Then, the pressure and volumetric water flow rate at all units were analyzed, indicating that there are noticeable differences in pressure and flow rate in one unit to another, although the aforementioned minimization technologies of pressure deviation were employed. In order to further reduce the difference in the water flow rate, it is suggested that all the units in the complex have PRVs installed in their water supply system. The effect of setting pressure of the PRVs on the non-uniformity of the flow in each unit and on the reduction of total water supply for the apartment complex have been studied. With the same PRV setting pressure of 3.952 bar (or the gauge pressure of $3.0kg_f/cm^2$), it has been estimated that the suggested system improves the non-uniformity (the coefficient of variation) of the flow rate of apartment complex over the current system, from 8.02% to 6.66%, and reduces the total water supply, from $0.02804m^3/s$ to $0.02766m^3/s$.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2006.05b
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• pp.573-576
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• 2006

The objective of the study is to investigate the depth of penetration of concrete water forced in under pressure. For this purpose, the experiments for the depth of penetration by selecting the factors and levels such as water pressure, pressure time were executed. The flow of water of concrete examined theoretically and experimentally. As a result, It is found that in the case of low water pressure approximately 0.15Mpa or less, the flow is Darcy seepage flow, the same as flow in an ordinary sand stratum, whereas in the case of high water pressure, the flow is diffused seepage flow accompanied by internal deformation of concrete.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.12 no.12
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• pp.1066-1072
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• 2000

This study is to investigate the pressure wave characteristics and the absorption of maximum and minimum pressure generated by instantaneous valve closure at the end of the straightening copper piping system with and without a water hammer arrester. Experiments were conducted under the following conditions : initial pressure 1~5 bar, flow velocity 0.6~3.0 m/s, water temperature $20^{\circ}C$ and air volume of water hammer arrester $80~180^cm^3$. Experimental results show that the optimum air volume of water hammer arrester is 110㎤.

• Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.107-119
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• 2003

The behavior of pore pressure and effective stress in a highly saturated sand bed under variations in the water pressure in its surface were investigated to determine the mechanism of the collapse of hydraulic structures during flooding or when attacked by storm waves. The vertical, one-dimensional model was used as a basic model to clarify the effect of water pressure variation on only to the vertical direction. The theoretical results show that a sand bed under variations of water pressure is weakened by an increase in excess pore pressure and that under certain conditions the sand bed will liquefy. Although many factors related to water pressure variation and property of the material determine this phenomenon, the mist important factor seems to be the small amount of air present in the sand bed. The theoretical results reported are verified by experiments.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.463-499
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• 2011

Control of ground water is one of the most important factors for long-term operation of tunnel because most tunnels are located under the ground water level. In case of a drainage tunnel, there is no pore water pressure on the lining when the drainage system is properly working. After long-term operation, however, residual pore water pressure can be developed on the lining due to the deterioration of the drainage system. In this study, the water pressure distribution under obstruction condition of drainage material and conduit on the tunnel is numerically investigated using the ICFEP program and compared with the current value being applied to the residual water pressure for rational application plan of residual water pressure on the tunnel linings.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.435-445
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• 2019

A series of element tests with different drainage conditions and strain rates were performed on compacted unsaturated non-plastic silt in unconfined conditions. Soil samples were compacted at water contents from dry to wet of optimum with the degree of saturation varying from 24 to 59.5% while maintaining the degree of compaction at 80%. The tests performed were shear infiltration tests in which specimens had constant net confining pressure, pore air pressure was kept drained and constant, just before the shear process pore water pressure was increased (and kept constant afterwards) to decrease matric suction and to start water infiltration. In constant water content tests, specimens had constant net confining pressure, pore air pressure was kept drained and constant whereas pore water pressure was kept undrained. As a result, the matric suction varied with increase in axial strain throughout the shearing process. In both cases, maximum shear strength was obtained for specimens prepared on dry side of optimum moisture content. Moreover, the gradient of stress path was not affected under different strain rates whereas the intercept of failure was changed due to the drainage conditions implied in this study.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.389-395
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the respiratory function of patients with stroke was different on the ground and under water. Methods: We recruited 14 adults who had experienced a stroke (12 male, 2 female) for our study. We measured forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume at one second, maximum inspiratory pressure, and maximum expiratory pressure when the participants breathed on the ground and under water. On the ground, the participants were safely supported using a table and chair and were measured in a standing posture. For measuring under water, the participants were immersed in water in a standing position to clavicle height. The participants were measured while standing, and the assistant supported them when they needed help. The collected data were analyzed by a paired t-test. Results: Forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume at one second were significantly lower in water than on the ground when breathing at maximum. Maximum inspiratory pressure was not significantly different when standing on the ground or in water, but maximum expiratory pressure was significantly higher in water than on the ground. Conclusion: It has been confirmed that the hydrostatic pressure affecting stroke patients immersed in water affects the forced expiratory volume at one second while reducing the forced vital capacity and increasing the maximum expiratory pressure.