• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.439-452
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• 2018

This study was carried out to establish of environment-friendly control system and to survey the occurrence status of Ricania shanthungensis in Jeonnam province from 2016 to 2017. R. shanthungensis occurred at 1,344 ha in 61 towns of 15 cities in Gwangju and Jeonnam province. At four sites in the stationary area, the densities of eggmass and pupae were lower in 2017 than in 2016, the hatching rate decreased, and the first hatching time, emergence of adults, and the start of spawning tended to be slower. Telenomus sp., an egg parasitoid of R. shanthungensis, was found in most areas. Sunchon had the highest rate of 46.1%, followed by Muan 40.6, Goksung 29.2, Gurye 25.8, and Gwangju 17, respectively. The optimum spraying time for the control of R. shanthungensis was early March. The spraying material and the dilution multiples are 10 times of the machine oil at environmental friendly cultivation and 500 times of the chlorpriphosphate wp. at normal cultivation. When sprayed these materials, 95% of egg prohibited to hatch. There was more than 80% of the insecticidal effects on the organic materials of the machine oil emulsion, the Sophora root extrect + microbial extract agent, and the castor emulsion. For adults, Sophora root extrect + microbial extract, neem extract, and machine oil were better. Four kinds of chemical pesticides such as dinotefuran wp were effective for nymph and adult control. We have developed an adult catching device using the most preferred daylight color and behavioral habits of R. shanthungensis. The capture device consisted of two daylight compact lamps (30W and 20W), a yellow plate, and a catcher using water, and caught about 700 individuals a day. Based on the above results, we have established a system for controlling and life cycle of R. shanthungensis in Jeonnam province.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.267-274
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• 2006

To understand the changes in plasma levels of sex steroids in the wild Japanese eel Anguilla japonica during artificially maturing process, eels received weekly intraperitoneal injections of a water-in-oil (W/O) type emulsion with Freund`s incomplete adjuvant containing salmon pituitary extract (SPE; 20 mg pituitary powder/fish) were examined. In the weekly Eel's Ringer-treated control wild eels, the body weight (BW) changes of fish decreased slowly during the experiment period. Plasma testosterone (T), $estradiol-17{\beta}\;(E_2)$ and $17a,20{\beta}-dihydroxyprogesterone$ (DHP) levels did not change significantly at the end of the experiment. In the weekly SPE-treated silver eels, however, rapid increase in BW changes occurred after 6 to 10 weeks, and the oocytes of all fish were observed to be in the migratory nucleus stage. Furthermore, significant increase in sex steroid hormones (T and $E_2$) levels occurred from 6 weeks. In the weekly SPE-treated yellow eels, the BW changes of fish increased slowly at 6 weeks and then increased. In these fish, the oocytes were at the tertiary yolk globule stage even at the end of the experiment. Plasma sex steroid hormones profiles revealed individual variability in SPE-treated yellow eels. Plasma T and $E_2$ levels significantly increased at 8 weeks and after 6 weeks, respectively, in SPE-treated yellow eels. In the weekly SPE-treated wild eels (silver and yellow eels), however, plasma DHP levels did not change significantly during the experiment period. In silver eel, final maturation could be induced by weekly administration of SPE using W/O type emulsion.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.547-552
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• 2010

Biodegradable polymers have gained enormous attentions in the pharmaceutical and biomedical applications, especially in drug delivery. In this work, we report the synthesis and characteristics of high molecular weight polyoxalate with ~75000 Da. Hydrolytic degradation kinetics and degradation products were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and gel permeation chromatography. Polyoxalate is a semicrystalline and thermally stable polymer with a glass transition temperature of ${\sim}35^{\circ}C$, which is suitable for drug delivery applications. The hydrophobic nature of polyoxalate allows it to be formulated into nanoparticles and encapsulate drugs using a conventional oil-in-water emulsion/solvent displacement method. Polyoxalate nanoparticles also exhibited excellent cytotoxicity profiles. It can be suggested that polyoxalate has great potential for numerous biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.38 no.9
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• pp.1064-1069
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• 2014

The use of emulsified fuel and EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation) system are effective methods to reduce NOx emission from diesel engines. In general, it is considered that EGR method influences diesel engine combustion in three different ways: thermal, chemical and dilution effect. Among others, the thermal effect is related to the increase of specific heat capacity due to the presence of $CO_2$ and $H_2O$ in inlet air. Meanwhile, emulsified fuel method of utilizing latent heat of vaporization and miro-explosion has been recognized as an effective technique for reducing diesel engine emissions. In this paper, an author studied on combustion and emission characteristics by using emulsified fuel (EF, Light oil : 80% + Water : 20%) and EGR (30% EGR ratio) system. And the effect of fuel injection pattern control was investigated.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2002

The natural sources extracted from green tea and pine needle were utilized to investigate the effects of extracts on free radical reaction, lipid oxidation and nitrite scavenging ability. The degree of lipid oxidation is very sensitive to kinds of oil emulsion reacted with iron sources and oxygen species. The antioxidants of extracts from green tea and pine needle were different depending on concentration of extracts, which were a lower TBARS value in 0.3% extracts concentration, compared to 0.1% extracts concentration. And also, the binding ability on iron sources was superior in hot water extracts, but oxygen scavenging ability was the lowest TBARS values in ethanol extracts. The hydroxyl radical scavenging ability of green tea and pine needle extracts had a little low TBARS value in 0.1% and 0.3% extracts concentration in deoxyribose. The ethanol extracts of pine needle were higher than those of hot water extracts on the basis of Fe$\_$2+/ ion content. The ascorbic acid content of green tea showed 14.3 mg/100g in hot water extracts and 16.7 mg/100 g in ethanol extracts. Electron donating ability of extracts showed difference depending on extracts concentration, which were higher in ethanol extracts than those of hot water extracts. The nitrite scavenging effects were tended to be different depending on pH value, however they were decreased overall as pH value was increased. Especially, the nitrite scavenging ability of 0.3% extracts from green tea and pine needle were the mosts effective in pH 1.2 and pH 3.0, which were showed 95% nitrite scavenging ability.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.103-110
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• 2004

The biodegradable poly($\varepsilon$-caprolactone) (PCL) microcapsules containing tocopherol were prepared by oil-in-water emulsion solvent evaporation method. The features of the microcapsules were investigated in the manufacturing conditions and degradation behaviors. The form and structural feature of the microcapsules were measured by scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction, respectively. The surface free energy of the microcapsules was executed using contact angle measurement. As a result, the microcapsules were more stable and spherical with poly(vinyl alcohol) given in a surfactant. The surface free energy and crystallinity of microcapsules were decreased with increasing the core concentration, and degradation of PCL was occurred after 21 days. The release behaviors were examined by Uv/vis. spectrophotometer. It was found that the release rate of the microcapsules was increased with increasing the stirring rate, due to the increased interface between microcapsules and release media.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.10-17
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• 2004

Poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) nanoparticles were synthesized in oil/water miniemulsion polymerization in the presence of low amount of hexadecane as a cosurfactant. The nanoparticles were tested to apply as a drug carrier. The shape of nanoparticles was observed by scanning electron microscopy, and the average particle size and size distribution were examined by particle size analyzer. Inclusion of antibiotic drugs into the nanoparticles was confirmed by CHO, C=O, and OH peak of FT-IR. Size of the nanoparticles were adjusted between 80∼300 nm by changing the homogenization rate and amount of cosurfactant and surfactant. The monomer droplets prepared by miniemulsion method using a cosurfactant were homogeneous and stable compared with those prepared by conventional emulsion polymerization. This might be occurred due to the prevention of Ostwald ripening and coalescence between droplets by using hexadecane as a cosurfactant.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.588-593
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• 2005

In this study, biodegradable poly(${\varepsilon}$-caprolactone) (PCL) microcapsules containing chemically treated $SiO_2$ and nifedipine were prepared by oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion solvent evaporation method. The microcapsules containing drugs were confirmed using FT-IR spectra. The morphologies of the microcapsules were observed with scanning electron microscope (SEM). The nifedipine's release behaviors from the microcapsules were also examined with UV/vis spectroscopy. As a result, the inclusion of nifedipine into the microcapsules was determined by the presence of nifedipine's specific peak, i.e., C=O stretch vibration at $1682cm^{-1}$. The average particle size of the microcapsules decreased with increasing stirring rate. The nifedipine adsorption capacity and release rate of treated $SiO_2$ that was treated with basic solution decreased because with the increased basicity it lowered the specific surface area of $SiO_2$ and promoted stronger acid-base interactions between $SiO_2$ and nifedipine.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2019

The microencapsulation of nifedipine (NF) with 4 wt% of poly(${\varepsilon}-caprolactone$) (PCL)/polyvinylpyrollidone (PVP) or PCL/polyethylene glycol (PEG) was carried out by solvent evaporation method in oil in water emulsion system to investigate the effect of PVP and PEG addition on drug release behavior of the microcapsules. The PVA (emulsifier) concentration of 1.0 wt% was chosen for the formation of PCL capsule having an average size of $154{\pm}25{\mu}m$ due to nearly spherical shape with a narrow size distribution. As PCL/PVP and PCL/PEG ratios were raised from 10/0 to 6/4, the capsule size increased gradually from $154{\pm}25{\mu}m$ to $236{\pm}32{\mu}m$ and $248{\pm}56{\mu}m$, respectively. The drug release rate of PCL/PVP and PCL/PEG capsules increased dramatically from 0 to 4 h at the beginning and then reached the plateau region from 20 h. As the concentration of PVP or PEG increased, the amount of drug release increased, suggesting that the larger capsule size was attributed to the higher drug content. However, the drug release behavior remained almost constant. The PCL capsules exhibited no evidence of causing cell lysis or toxicity regardless of NF loading, implying that the microcapsules are clinically suitable for use as drug delivery systems.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.608-622
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• 2021

Bioactive peptides have great potentials as nutraceutical and pharmaceutical agents that can improve human health. The objectives of this research were to produce functional peptides from ovotransferrin, a major egg white protein, using single enzyme treatments, and to analyze the properties of the hydrolysates produced. Lyophilized ovotransferrin was dissolved in distilled water at 20 mg/mL, treated with protease, elastase, papain, trypsin, or α-chymotrypsin at 1% (w/v) level of substrate, and incubated for 0-24 h at the optimal temperature of each enzyme (protease 55℃, papain 37℃, elastase 25℃, trypsin 37℃, α-chymotrypsin 37℃). The hydrolysates were tested for antioxidant, metal-chelating, and antimicrobial activities. Protease, papain, trypsin, and α-chymotrypsin hydrolyzed ovotransferrin relatively well after 3 h of incubation, but it took 24 h with elastase to reach a similar degree of hydrolysis. The hydrolysates obtained after 3 h of incubation with protease, papain, trypsin, α-chymotrypsin, and after 24 h with elastase were selected as the best products to analyze their functional properties. None of the hydrolysates exhibited antioxidant properties in the oil emulsion nor antimicrobial property at 20 mg/mL concentration. However, ovotransferrin with α-chymotrypsin and with elastase had higher Fe³⁺-chelating activities (1.06±0.88%, 1.25±0.24%) than the native ovotransferrin (0.46±0.60%). Overall, the results indicated that the single-enzyme treatments of ovotransferrin were not effective to produce peptides with antioxidant, antimicrobial, or Fe³⁺-chelating activity. Further research on the effects of enzyme combinations may be needed.