• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.739-749
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to assess the antimicrobial and clinical effects of acid water mouthrinse prepared by an electrolysis apparatus on chronic periodontitis and to evaluate the lasting period of these effects. The change' in the pattern of colonization of bacteria within the subgingival pockets was monitored by phase contrast microscopy, in 40 patients, over a period of 8 weeks. In addition, changes in the clinical parameters of the diseased sites were also monitored. Site of pocket ${\geq}$ 5mm was selected in each patient randomly divided into two groups. As a test group, acid water mouthrinse was used twice a day in 20 patients. As control, no mouthrinse was used in 20 patients The results were as follows : 1. The suppression of motile bacteria was maintained for up to 3-4 weeks at test group. 2. Two groups did not differ significantly in proportion of bacteria in subgingival plaque over a period of 8 weeks. 3. Loss of attachment showed a significant difference in test group and in test group compared with control group (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in control group. 4. No statistical difference was shown in two groups concerning the gingival index, plaque index, bleeding index. The results suggest that acid water mouthrinse is effective for reducing subgingival bacteria. It can be concluded that acid water may be useful as an mouthrinsing agent.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.156-160
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• 2000

The Plasma film treated with a high electric voltage was developed to enhance flow down of condensation drops on inside plastic film. Arch type greenhouse framed with iron pipe of 25mm diameter defand 1.5mm thickness were covered with either the developed plasma film or surfactant film(control). Green pepper seedlings raised for 40 days in plug trays were transplanted at a density of 110cm by 30cm in each greenhouse. The mount of condensational water on film surface, generated by 7$0^{\circ}C$ water bath chimney systems and flew down, was collected and measured. The amount of collected water after 150 minutes was 2.56 mL.100c $m^{-2}$ and 0.94mL.100c $m^{-2}$ , respectively, in the plasma film and surfactant film-covered greenhouses. The amount of condensational water drops attached on the cover at 08:20 a.m. at 60 days filter covering was 0.34mL.100c $m^{02}$ and 0.32mL.100c $m^{-2}$ , respectively, in the plasma film- and surfactant film-covered greenhouses. Solar irradiance transmitted into greenhouse was 2.0% higher in the greenhouse covered with the plasma film tan that in the greenhouse covered with the surfactant film. Air temperature in the plasma film-covered greenhouse was higher than the surfactant film-covered greenhouse by 0.5$^{\circ}C$. However, there was no difference in relative humidity between the two greenhouse. Plant height, leaf area, dry weight and early yield showed no significant differences.s.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.14-17
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• 2006

We investigated possible therapeutic approaches to treat contagious naturally occurring ecthyma in Korean native goats in the Gongju area of Korea. Contagious ecthyma was found in 130 of 150 Korean native goats studied. Sixteen goats, ranged from 2 months to 2.5 years old, were selected for further experiments. The goats were divided into a control group, an ozonated oil group, and an ozonated water group consisting of 5, 5, and 6 goats, respectively. The control animals were not treated during the experimental period. The ozonated oil group was treated with ozonated oil, made by bubbling 200 ppm ozone gas into the oil, dally for 2 weeks. The remaining group of animals were given ozonated drinking water (0.1 ppm) ad libitum for 2 weeks. The ozonated oil treated group (4/5, 80%) had the highest therapeutic rate. The ozonated water group (4/6, 66.7%) had the second highest therapeutic rate, followed by the control group (1/5, 20%). Based on these results, a secondary experiment was performed that included a total of 121 Korean native goats with contagious ecthyma. Ozonated oil was applied daily for 30 days. All of the lesions on the goats with contagious ecthyma were completely cured by application of the ozonated oil. We concluded that ozone therapy was an effective treatment for contagious ecthyma in goats

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 1992

Water extract, and free-, ester- and insoluble phenolic acids were extracted from wormwoods. The extracts were then dissolved in equal amounts of an edible soybean oil, and the resulting substrates, portion of the soybean oil (control), 0.02% BHA and 0.02% BHT were stored in incubator at $45^{\circ}C{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$ for 32days. Peroxide values (POV) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values of control and the substrates were determined during th9 storage period. The POV of control, BHA, BHT and six substrates which were contained water extracts 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%, and free-, ester- and insoluble phenolic acids after 24days of storage were 77, 43, 17, 38, 26, 34, 45, 28 and 16m mole/kg oil respectively, The TBA values after 32days of storage were 0.278, 0.170, 0.070, 0.200, 0.178, 0.235, 0.167, 0.136, 0.062, respectively, It was found that the antioxidant activity in water extracts was highest in water 1 (the substrates containing water extracts 1%). It was also found that antioxidant activities in the phenolic acids were decreased in the following order ; insoluble phenolic acids>ester form>free phenolic acids. The phenolic acids separated and tentatively identified by Gas chromatography were catechol, vanillin, umbelliferone, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid caffeic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxy benzoic acid and syringic acid.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.157-163
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the toxic effect of WSF (Water Soluble Fraction) on development time, development rate, attachment rate, survival rate and growth of the larvae during the early life stage of the abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. Also, observed effect of water temperature on the survival rate and histological change of gill in the early young shell. In the abalone, it takes around 12 hours in all experimental groups. Development and attachment rate of the abalone significantly lower more than 0.4 mg/L WSF compared to control group (P < 0.05). Survival rate of abalone larva and spot was significantly lower more than 0.4 mg/L and 2.4 mg/L WSF compared to control group, respectively (P < 0.05). Shell growth of the abalone were significantly lower more than 2.4 mg/L WSF compared control group (P < 0.05). Survival rate lower more than $25^{\circ}C$ exposure group compared water temperature $17^{\circ}C$ exposure group in the early young shell. The gill of abalone exposed water temperature $17^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$ was showed atrophy of nucleus and breakdown of the filament, vacuolation of filament epithelial cell.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 2009

The regulation of emission concentration for stream water qualities doesn't control quantitative increase on pollution loads, it has limits for improvement of water qualities. Total water pollution load management system(TMDL) can control the total amount of pollutant in waste water which is allowed to assign and control the total discharged pollutant loads in a permissible level. When it comes to generated wastewater value of TMDL system, there is difference between calculated value based on individual pollutant unit load and observed value. Calculated sewer inflow, calculated sewer outflow, measured sewer inflow, and measured sewer outflow at dry season are $26,460.9m^3$/d, $17,778.6m^3$/d, $17,106.1m^3$/d and $19,033.9m^3$/d respectively, Calculated sewer inflow, calculated sewer outflow, measured sewer inflow, and measured sewer outflow at rainy season are $49,512.2m^3$/d, $18,628.7m^3$/d, $30,918.2m^3$/d, $19,700.7m^3$/d respectively. This result presents the necessity to acquire the precise observed data to fulfill the efficient TMDL system.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.392-398
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of catalase used following bleaching for the elimination of hydrogen peroxide residues from human teeth on the microleakage at the tooth-resin composite interface. In this study, class V cavities were prepared on the buccal or lingual surfaces of seventy extracted human molar teeth, and crown of sixty teeth were immersed in 30% hydrogen peroxide at $37^{\circ}C$ for 5 days except for negative control group. Then the teeth were rinsed with water and distributed randomly into seven groups of 10 each and were conditioned as following Negative control group: No bleaching Positive control group : bleaching and no application of catalase (C-40) Experimental group 1 : one cycle of catalase application for 3 min. and water rinse for 2 min. after bleaching Experimental group 2 : two cycles of catalase application for 3 min. and water rinse for 2 min. after bleaching Experimental group 3 : three cycles of catalase application for 3 min. and water rinse for 2 min. after bleaching Experimental group 4 : four cycles of catalase application for 3 min. and water rinse for 2 min. after bleaching Experimental group 5 : five cycles of catalase application for 3 min. and water rinse for 2 min. after bleaching The cavities of each groups were restored with composite resin. The teeth were thermocycled, stained with 2% methylene blue, and sectioned buccolingually. Degree of dye penetration at tooth-restoration interfaces were examined by stereomicroscope(${\times}30$) at occlusal and gingival margin The results were as follows : 1. On the occlusal margin, there was no significant difference in the microleakage between the negative coltrol group and experimental groups (p>0.05). But on the gingival margin, experimental groups showed higher microleakage than the negative coltrol group (p<0.05). 2. On the occlusal margin, positive coltrol group showed higher microleakage than experimental groups (p<0.05) and among the experimental groups, group 1 showed higher microleakage than group 3, 4, 5 (p<0.05). 3. On the gingival margin, there was no significant difference between the positive coltrol group and experimental groups, and between experimental groups (p>0.05). The result indicated that catalase used in bleached cavity for the elimination of hydrogen peroxide residues from human teeth maybe reduced microleakage at the tooth-resin composite interface.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.409-414
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• 2010

The first drainage time in a day was controlled for precise irrigation management with low consumption of nutrient solution in tomato perlite bag culture system by measuring water level of drained water in drainage catchment part. This method automatically adjusted the irrigation time under any condition of light, temperature and humidity, resulting in stable water content in substrates. However, it was difficult to keep the time consistent as they were set. It drained with the deviation of 20 min in the treatment in which the first drainage time was set at 10:00 and 50 min in the treatment set at 10:30. The first drainage time was not constant, but the drain occurred stably before noon in the treatment of which irrigation frequency was longer than 30 min. The drainage ratio was better balanced in all the treatments using drainage level sensors than the treatment using time clock for irrigation control. High water and fertilizer efficiencies were obtained. Although the growth, total yield and sugar content were not significantly different between the treatments, fruit weight was higher in the treatments using drainage level sensors than that using timer.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.10-14
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• 2001

The cooling effect of a fog cooling system has a close relationship to air flow and relative humidity in the greenhouse. From the VETH chart for cooling design, a cooling efficiency can be improved by means of increasing the air exchange rate and the amount of sprayed water. In the no shading experimental greenhouse by time control, when average air exchange rate was 0.77 times.min$^{-1}$ and spray water amount was 2,009g, inside temperature of the greenhouse was 31$^{\circ}C$ that was almost close to outside temperature and cooling efficiency was 82%. When average air exchange rate was close to temperature of the greenhouse that was no cooling and 70% shading greenhouse environment. When average air exchange rate was 2.59times.min$^{-1}$ , spray water amount was 2,009g and shading rate was 70%, inside relative humidity of the greenhouse was increased was 2,009 g and shading rate was 70%, inside relative humidity of the greenhouse was increased, but temperature was not decreased. When average air exchange rate was 2.33 times.min$^{-1}$ and spray water amount was 2,009g, inside temperature was 31.4 and at that time maximum wind speed at the air inlet of greenhouse was 1.9m.s$^{-1}$ . Since time controller sprayed amount of constant water at a given interval, some of sprayed water remained not to be evaporated, which increased relative humidity and decreased cooling efficiency. Because the shading screen prevented air flow in the greenhouse, it also caused the evaporation efficiency to be decreased. In order to increase cooling efficiency, it was necessary to study on controling by relative humidity and air circulation in the greenhouse.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.24-34
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• 2023

Purpose: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) continues to increase worldwide, and blood glucose control may reduce mortality from diabetic complications and healthcare costs. Mulberry twig (MT) has been used as a herbal medicine in Asia, and its antidiabetic efficacy has recently been reported, but research in this area is still limited. This study examined the antidiabetic effects of water extracts of MT in diabetic animals. Methods: Six weeks old male ICR mice were divided randomly into three groups; normal control (NC, n = 10), DM control (DC, n = 10), and MT (n = 10). Streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg/day) was injected intraperitoneally into mice in the DC and MT groups for 5 consecutive days. After 10 days of the last STZ injection, the mice in the MT group were administered orally with MT water extracts (5 g/kg body weight) for 16 days. Results: The MT water extracts ameliorated the swelling of the liver in the diabetic mice and reduced the elevated levels of fasting blood and plasma glucose, total cholesterol (T-CHO), low density lipoprotein-CHO, and the ratio of high density lipotrotein (HDL)-CHO/T-CHO. The liver triglyceride (TG) and glycogen contents were also significantly lower in the MT group mice than in the DC group. The small intestine disaccharidase activity was analyzed to understand the therapeutic effects and the mechanism of MT water extracts in diabetic animals. MT group mice showed reduced lactase and sucrase activity in the proximal part of the small intestine. On the other hand, body weight, plasma insulin, TG, HDL-CHO, and hepatic T-CHO levels were similar in the DC and MT groups. Conclusion: These results suggest that MT water extracts have antidiabetic effects and can be developed as a functional source to reduce the postprandial blood glucose or to prevent DM incidence.