• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.7
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• pp.1017-1024
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• 2011

Korean wheat semolina (FS: fine semolina) with similar characteristics to durum wheat semolina was substituted at rates of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% in pasta dough and the physical and cooking characteristics were investigated for making optimal pasta. Water absorption of the dough increased with the 10, 20, and 30% substitution ratio of FS. Development times were high with >30% substituted FS. This result positively influenced an increase in production and the preparation of the fresh noodle pasta. Furthermore, soft textured fresh noodles could be made due to the decrease in stability and increased weakness of the >30% substituted FS. The amylograph gelatinization characteristics of Korean wheat semolina exhibited an increase of gelatinization temperature and decrease of maximum viscosity when compared with durum wheat. The handling property of the dough showed more than 4 points in all sample groups. Weight and volume decreased and turbidity and cooking loss increased according to the increasing amount of substituted FS. However, samples with ${\leq}$ 30% FS substitution ratio had similar volumes and cooking losses when compared to the control. The L- and a-values increased and the b-value of color decreased as more FS was added. In a texture analysis, the hardness of the cooking noodles showed a low value with the >30% substituted FS. Springiness, gumminess, and chewiness exhibited a high value. In the results of a sensory evaluation, overall acceptability was high score with more than 7 points for the 30% added FS. The preferences for pasta colors were divided into white, which is similar to the Korean traditional noodle, and yellow, which is similar to durum wheat. Flavor and taste were not affected by substituting with FS. Low hardness and high chewiness was the most preferred noodle. These results suggest that >30% substituted FS was suitable for increasing quality and organoleptic qualities of Korean wheat pasta.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.144-150
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• 2004

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the parameters such as nutrient requirements, POY, AnV, Totox, VBN, total plate count, dietary fatty acids and amino acids composition, that are not included in the registered standard composition items required by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, of a moist pellet (MP), three domestic extruded pellets (DEP-1, DEP-2, DEP-3), and two foreign extruded pellets (FEP-1, FEP-2) that are utilized by domestic flounder farms at present. The crude protein was added in excess of the dietary protein requirement in 6 kinds of feeds. When considering the proper PH ratio, it is obvious that protein was added in excess, especially in MP and FEP-2. Crude fat was also added in excess, especially in FEP-1. MP contained a higher dietary phosphorus content than formulated feeds, surpassing the dietary phosphorus requirement and greatly increasing the possibility for causing water pollution. The oxidation of fatty acid and decomposition of protein in MP were higher than in formulated feeds, and may also cause problems on fish farms. Also, it is difficult to store and manage MP, Among the fatty acids, EPA and DHA contents in MP were higher than those in formulated feeds. It is necessary to conduct further studies of EPA and DHA contents in formulated feeds. Lysine content in MP and FEP-2 could meet the dietary lysine requirement of flounder, however, the possibility of insufficient lysine content in the other formulated feeds was high and we considered that extra supplementation was necessary. Therefore, it is necessary to set up quality control standards according to fish species and sizes while considering the specific character of aquatic formulated feeds to restore the confidence of feed companies and aquaculturists to these feeds. This may be an opportunity to make an earlier change from MP to formulated feeds.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.141-149
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• 1996

Effects of $17{\alpha}$-methyltestosterone ($17{\alpha}-MT$) in rearing water on sex reversal of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were investigated and optimum conditions as initial treatment time, concentrations and treatment durations of hormone were evaluated in this study. For the study of the optimum initial treatment time, 0 to 20-day-old fry were treated by immersion in a 500 ppb solution of $17{\alpha}-MT$. Desirable results were obtained at 12-day-old fish as $86.4\%$ of male induction rates and this frequency was obviously higher than the other age groups. Twelve-day-old fry were immersed in $17{\alpha}-MT$ solutions at concentrations of $0\~2,000$ ppb for 24 hours for the study of dose dependent relationship between sex ratios and concentrations of $17{\alpha}-MT$, Male induction rates of all treated groups were higher than $80\%$, $X^2$ values against the sex ratio of control group indicate that sex reversal has taken place effectively in all experimental groups (P<0.001). Futhermore, 500 ppb treated groups showed highest male incidence of $86.4\%$. Effects of 5 different durations (0, 12, 18, 24 and 30 hours) treated with 1,000 ppb of $17{\alpha}-MT$ were also evaluated. Male induction rate from 0 to 24 hours treated group was increased with treatment durations. However, male incidence of 30-hour treated group ($84.0\%$) was sligthly decreased compare to the 24-hour treated group ($85.2\%$). It is concluded that immersion treatment using $17{\alpha}-MT$ on O. niloticus is possible on sex reversal at low concentration of 500 ppb and short treatment durations within 24 hours with 12-old-day fry.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.307-315
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties of modified green gochujang, produced by Chengyang pepper powder and roasted soy powder. The moisture content of control gochujang (CON) made by red pepper powder was 32.64% whereas the content of sample 1 gochujang (S1) made by Chengyang pepper powder was 26.50%. Crude fat content of CON was 1.81% while the content of S1~S4 was a range of 2.64~2.80%. Furthermore, crude protein content of CON was 5.58% while the content of S4 was the highest value of 9.01 % In crude ash cases, S1~S4 groups were also increased to a range of 10.32~10.37% when compared to 9.91% of CON. Color properties of modified gochujang made by Chengyang pepper powder were significantly decreased in values of redness and yellowness, compared to that of CON. In pH test, it showed that pH 6.15 of S4 was significantly increased, compared to ph 5.26 of CON (p < 0.001). Total acidity of all sample groups has significantly decreased according to increased roasted soy powder than that of CON (p < 0.001). In textural properties, hardness of gochujang was a range of 622.33~3670.70 and S2 showed the highest value among others. Meanwhile, S4 showed the highest value in the adhesiveness, and S2 showed the highest gumminess. According to these results, modified gochujang was increased in nutritive values such as protein, fat, and various minerals, even though it was decreased in color and water contents. Therefore, modified gochujang would have beneficial effects on health, but it could be needed to find out the optimizing condition through a sensory evaluation for developing a new sauce using Chengyang.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.446-453
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Indocyanine Green (ICG) and near-infrared (NIR) diode laser on Streptococcus mutans biofilms depending on ICG concentrations. S. mutans biofilms were formed on a Hydroxyapatite disk, and 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 mg/mL ICG solutions dissolved in sterile distilled water and a NIR diode laser having a power of 300 mW and a wavelength of 808 nm were applied to the biofilms. The temperature changes of the biofilm surface according to the concentrations of the ICG solution were measured using a 1-channel thermocouple thermometer. Compared to the control group, in the groups with only the 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 mg/mL ICG solution application, and in the groups with the 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 mg/mL ICG solution application and light irradiation, a statistically significant decrease in the bacterial counts were observed. The temperature increase according to the concentration of the ICG solutions was 9.53℃, 10.43℃, 11.40℃, 12.10℃, 12.67℃, and 13.63℃ in ICG solutions of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 mg/mL respectively. This study presents the potential for clinical application of ICG and NIR diode lasers as a new method for preventing dental caries.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.79-85
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• 1981

As one of the fundamental studies for the breeding of marine algae, the effects of several plant hormones (IAA, Gibberellin, 2.4-D, NAA, Kinetin) on the growth of Porphyra-fronds, P. tenera Kjell. form tamatsuensis Miura, were investigated from January 21 to February 21 1981. The fronds used for the experiment were dissected out at $25mm^2$ size, and cultured in modified Provasoli's ESP medium supplemented with various concentrations of each plant growth regulators. The culture was kept under constant water temperature of $5^{\circ}C$ in 14 hrs. photoperiod and illuminated with 2,400 lux by fluorescent light. Based on the results of first experiment, the culture of fronds for the secondary experiment was carried out at $5^{\circ}C\;and\;10^{\circ}C$ in medium containing various levels of Kinetin from April 6 to 24, and compared the growth of two groups at each concentrations with each other, The results obtained are summarized as follows : (1) The best growth efficiencies were observed at 5.0mg/1 of each plant hormones except Gibberellin. Among them, the highest growth-rate was $312.5\%\;(345.3\%\;in\;frond\;size)$ in contrast with control at 5.0mg/1 of Kinetin, and was followed by $257.5\%\;(236.1\%)$ in 2.4-D,$166.7\%(147.6\%)$ in IAA and $141.7\%\;(167.7\%)$ in NAA, but that in Gibberellin was $247.9\%(241.9\%)$ at 10.0mg/l. (2) Especially, the fronds cultured at 5.0mg/1 of Kinetin were deep black-brown in colour, and had vivid, healthy chloroplasts in their all cells. On the contrary, the fronds cultured in other media were discoloured to light black-brown or green-drown, and almost all cells were vacuolated or shrunk gradually into death.(3) There was an obvious difference between the best growth-rates of the fronds cultured at 5.0mg/l of Kinetin at $5^{\circ}C$ and those at $10^{\circ}C$. The former was $366.7\%$, the latter $318.8\%$ but the difference was little at lower concentrations. (4) Many abnormal cells grown up to $25.0-27.5\mu$ in diameter were found among the marginal cells of fronds which showed the best growth in Kinetin, and the fronds wire $41.0-42.0\mu$ in thickness which was thicker by $10.0\mu$ or so than the others. (5) In two fronds at 1.0mg/1 of Kinetin cell-divisions were observed, which might developed into antheridium, but it was doubtful whether due to the efficiency of Kinetin.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.666-671
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• 2003

Dental caries are the most commonly occurring chronic diseases in the dental field. Because of increasing sugar consumption and extension of average human life, these diseases are widely found all over the world as the most typical cause for a person to lose a tooth. Therefore, the development of more effective, substantial and safe preventive agents against dental caries is strongly required. Streptococcus mutans is known as the causative bacterial playing the most important role informing plaque and it is being noticed as major causative bacteria of dental caries. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of Asarum sieboldii Miquel(Aristolochiaceae) extracts on the growth, acid production, adhesion, and insoluble glucan synthesis of Streptococcus mutans(S. mutans). Both methanol and aqueous extracts showed concentration dependent inhibitory activity against the growth and acid production of S. mutans, and produced significant inhibition at the concentration of 100, 1,000 and 2,000 μg/ml compared to the control group(p<0.05 - p<0.01). The extracts markedly inhibited S. mutans adherence to HA treated with saliva, and cell adherence was repressed by more than 50% at the concentration of 10 μg/ml and complete inhibition was observed at the concentration of 2,000 μg/ml. On the activity of glucosyltransferase which synthesizes water insoluble glucan from sucrose, methanol and aqueous extracts showed more than 70% inhibition over the concentration of 1,000 μg/ml. Hence, we conclude that Asarum sieboldii might be a candidate of anticaries agent.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.1190-1199
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of exercise training and oak tree wood vinegar ingestion on the blood lipids and antioxidant activities of rats. The subjects were 28 Sprague Dawley male rats, and they were assigned into four groups (n=7, respectively): the control group (CON), the exercise group (EXE), the vinegar ingestion group (VIN), and the vinegar ingestion and exercise training group (VINEXE). The diet was based on high fat and oral administration of oak tree wood vinegar. The rats that were not given oak tree wood vinegar were given the same amount of distilled water orally in order to maintain the same level of stress. They were exercise trained on motor-driven treadmills during a four-week session. Weight changes in the VINEXE were significantly inhibited in the later period of exercise, when compared to the CON (p<0.05). Fat increase was significantly suppressed in VIN and EXE (p<0.05), and a synergistic effect was discovered in the VINEXE (p<0.05). Glucose and ammonia levels were significantly reduced in the EXE, VIN, and VINEXE compared to the CON (p<0.05). In blood lipids, TC and LDL-C were significantly enhanced in the EXE, VIN, and VINEXE compared to the CON (p<0.05), while HDL-C was significantly improved in the EXE and VINEXE (p<0.05). Liver MDA contents showed significant changes in each group (p<0.05), and SOD activities were significantly enhanced in the VIN and the VINEXE when compared to other groups (p<0.05). Therefore, oak tree wood vinegar ingestion with exercise training for four weeks may result in inhibition of weight gain, improvement of blood lipids, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation, contributing to health promotion.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.646-651
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• 2017

This study was carried out to examine the antimicrobial activity of 70% ethanol and hot water extracts from different parts and essential oil in Pinus densiflora on skin pathogens such as Staphylococcus epiermidis, S. aureus, Propionibacterium acnes, Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, and Trichophyton rubrum. The antimicrobial activities of extracts and essential oil were tested by paper disc assay and minimum inhibitory concentration test. The ethanol extract of pine pollen showed antimicrobial activity against C. tropicalis and T. rubrum. Ethanol extract of pine needle and pine gnarl showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, C. tropicalis, and P. acnes. Essential oil from pine needle exhibited antimicrobial activity against C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and P. acnes. The minimum inhibitory concentration of ethanol extracts of pine needle and pine gnarl against P. acnes and C. tropicalis ranged from 0.002% to 0.0063%. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (0.025%) against C. albicans and C. tropicalis was obtained from essential oil. These results indicate that ethanol extracts of pine pollen, pine needle, pine gnarl, and essential oil of pine needle could be applicable to control the skin infection pathogens. Especially, ethanol extract of pine gnarl had a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity and pine extracts and essential oil exhibited higher antimicrobial activity with Candida sp. and P acnes.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.97-113
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• 2014

An actual proof experiment was carried out to establish the production of high quality organic rice at farm household in Gwangjin, Junnam, Korea 2011. Experimental plot was designed with conventional organic cultivation and manual organic cultivation in both Hopeongbyeo and Onnuri varities. Experimental field was consisted with suitable drainage loam soil, anryong series, and normal paddy field. Chemical characteristics of the soil were investigated from initial soil and soil after harvest in experimental sites. Seed disinfection was treated with hot water dipping method at $60^{\circ}C$ for 10 min. Rice transplanting was carried out at 17 June with 25 days seedling using machine transplanting. Golden apple snail was used to prevent weed growth as middle size (1.5~1.7 kg/10a) at one week after rice transplanting. Amount of applied fertilizer in experimental plot was supplied with organic fertilizer for the shortage after harvest of hairy vetch (1,100 kg/10a). Bordeaux mixture was used to control of sheath blight and neck blast disease in all experimental plot at 19 Aug. Application of chitin culture solution was treated in manual organic cultivation at 2 and 15 Aug. At late growth stage, incidence rate of neck blast was the highest level at Hopyeongbyeo in conventional organic cultivation. Incidence rate of sheath blight in both Hopyeongbyeo and Onnuri was higher in conventional organic cultivation than in manual organic cultivation. Incidence of rice leaf folder was the highest level at Onnuri in conventional organic cultivation. Yield index in manual organic cultivation was increased by 13% and 38% at Onnuri and Hopyeongbyeo, respectively, compared with conventional organic cultivation. Head rice percentage in both Hopyeongbyeo and Onnuri was slightly increased in manual organic cultivation. These results indicate that high quality production of rice organic cultivation could be depending on management of safe fertilization with nutrient content in soil.