• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.16-24
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• 2011

A method was established for the simultaneous determination of sugar alcohols, erythritol, xylitol, sorbitol, inositol, mannitol, maltitiol, lactitol and isomalt by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The sugar alcohols were converted into strong ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing derivatives with p-nitrobenzoyl chloride (PNBC). HPLC was performed on Imtakt Unison US-$C_18$ column, using acetonitrile: water (77:23) as a mobile phase and UV detection (260 nm). The calibration curves for all sugar alcohols tested were linear in the 10~200 mg/L range. The average recoveries of the sugar alcohols from three confectioneries spiked at 100 ppm of eight sugar alcohol standards ranged from 81.2 to 123.1% with relative standard deviations ranging fromo 0.2 to 4.9%. The limits of detection (LODs) were $0.5{\sim}8\;{\mu}g/L$ and the limits of quantification (LOQs) were $2{\sim}17\;{\mu}g/L$. Reproducibility of 8 sugar alcohols was 0.28~1.97 %RSD. The results of the analysis of confectioneries showed that 89 samples of 130 were detected and the sugar alcohols content of samples investigated varied between 0.4 and 693.7 g/kg. A method for the simultaneous determination of eight sugar alcohols will be used as basic data for control of sugar alcohols in confectioneries, and quality control in food manufacturing.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.229-234
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• 2014

We analyzed drainage water from coir substrate in which cucumber plants were grown in winter and elucidated changes in pH, EC, and major nutrients according to the growth stages to recommend nutrient solution management appropriate to each growth stage. From the analysis of drainage solution the growth stages of cucumber were desirable to be divided into two, planting to fruit setting and fruit setting to harvest in case of nutrient solution management. The time required was about 3 weeks from planting to the first fruit setting and thereafter 7~10 days more until the first harvest. Approximately every 3~4 days were needed until the upper flowers bloomed. The time required from fruit setting to harvest was not different much among flowers as cucumber plants grew. From the experimental results, EC of supplied solution was recommended to maintain a little high to $3.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ until before fruit setting and lower a little to $2.0{\sim}2.3dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ after that. Of course, the amount of solution supply should be increased as plants grew. In case of each nutrients, the recommendation of concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium were 700, 60, and $110mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ each until before fruit setting, and then 660, 50, and $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ each after fruit setting. The concentrations of potassium and magnesium are recommended to start from 400 and $80mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ until fruit setting and lower a little after that.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 2018

This research was conducted to estimate moisture content in cucurbitaceae seedlings, such as cucumber and watermelon, using hyperspectral imagery. Using a hyperspectral image acquisition system, the reflectance of leaf area of cucumber and watermelon seedlings was calculated after providing water stress. Then, moisture content in each seedling was measured by using a dry oven. Finally, using reflectance and moisture content, the moisture content estimation models were developed by PLSR analysis. After developing the estimation models, performance of the cucumber showed 0.73 of $R^2$, 1.45% of RMSE, and 1.58% of RE. Performance of the watermelon showed 0.66 of $R^2$, 1.06% of RMSE, and 1.14% of RE. The model performed slightly better after removing one sample from cucumber seedlings as outlier and unnecessary. Hence, the performance of new model for cucumber seedlings showed 0.79 of $R^2$, 1.10% of RMSE, and 1.20% of RE. The model performance combined with all samples showed 0.67 of $R^2$, 1.26% of RMSE, and 1.36% of RE. The model of cucumber showed better performance than the model of watermelon. This is because variables of cucumber are consisted of widely distributed variation, and it affected the performance. Further, accuracy and precision of the cucumber model were increased when an insignificant sample was eliminated from the dataset. Finally, it is considered that both models can be significantly used to estimate moisture content, as gradients of trend line are almost same and intersected. It is considered that the accuracy and precision of the estimating models possibly can be improved, if the models are constructed by using variables with widely distributed variation. The improved models will be utilized as the basis for developing low-priced sensors.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.153-161
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• 1993

This study was conducted to compare the resistance and sensitivity of trees with 6 native species exposing to 4 different levels of $SO_2$gas(0.4, 0.7, 1.5 and 3.0 ppm) respectively. The results are summarized as follows : 1. Visible injuries appeared as spots in the region of intervein on the leaves for all the species and the color of the spots changed from light green and/or brown to light brown, dark brown, and/or redish brown. 2. The sensitivity of the species to $SO_2$ was high in the descending order of Zizyphus jujuba, Cataegus pinnatifida, Viburnum sargentii, Weigela subsessilis, Euonymus japonica, and Acer ginnala. 3. The resistance of the species to $SO_2$ was high in the descending order of Acer ginnala, Eunymus japonica Viburnum sargentii, Weigela subsessilis, Zizyphus jujuba, and Crataegus pinnatifida. 4. When the trees were exposed to $SO_2$gas, the contents of chlorophyll a, b, and a+b were consostently lower than those of control, and water soluble sulfur contents in the leaves were higher than those of control. 5. There was no significant correlation between stomatal resistance and the sensitivity(or resistance) of the trees exposed to $SO_2$ gas. 6. In this study, it was concluded that Acer ginnala was more suitable species than the others for landscape in air polluted area because it showed high resistance, low sensitivity, and low stromal resistance to $SO_2$gas exposure.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.79-86
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• 2014

In previous work, we fermented coffee beans using solid-state culture with various fungal mycelia to enhance the physiological activity of the coffee. The coffee fermented with Monascus sp. showed a higher physiological activity than non-fermented coffee or other coffees fermented with mushroom mycelium. The aim of this study was to characterize the various fermented coffees with respect to their area of cultivation and their variety using Monascus purpureus (MP) mycelium solid-state culture. Thirty types of green coffee beans, which varied in terms of their cultivation area or variety, were purchased from different suppliers and fermented with MP under optimal conditions. Each MP-fermented coffee was medium roasted and extracted further using hot water (HW) under the same conditions. Of the HW extracts, those derived from MP-Mandheling coffees had the highest yield (13.6-15.5%), and MP-Robusta coffee showed a significantly higher polyphenolic content (3.03 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 mg) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) free radical scavenging activity (27.11 mg ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity/100 mg). Furthermore, in comparison to other MP-fermented coffees at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$, MP-Robusta coffee showed not only the most effective inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells (67.1% of that in LPS-stimulated control cells), but also an effective inhibition of lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipose cells (22.2% of that in differentiated control cells). In conclusion, these results suggest that Vietnam Robusta coffee beans solid-state fermented with MP mycelium are amenable to industrial applications as a functional coffee beverage or material.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.5-14
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• 2013

The anti-obesity effects of fermented black bean were tested with mice fed a high fat diet for seven weeks. Body weight gain and feed efficiency ratio (FER) in the high fat diet control (HC) group were markedly higher, compared with those of the normal control (NC) group, but were significantly lower in the 2% black bean powder supplemented high fat diet (BB) group and 2% black bean powder fermented by M. pilosus supplemented high fat diet (BBM) group, compared with those of the HC group. Food intake in the HC and BB groups was significantly lower than that of the NC and BBM groups. Water intake in the HC group was significantly lower than that of the NC group, but was higher in the BB and BBM groups, compared with that of the HC group. On the other hand, relative liver and kidney weight in the HC group was lower than that of the NC group, but was higher in the BB and BBM groups, compared with that of the HC group. In addition, whereas epididymal fat weight in the HC group was markedly higher than that of the NC group, it was significantly lower in the BB and BBM groups, compared with that of the HC group. Meanwhile, hepatic GSH in the HC group was significantly lower than that of the NC group, but was slightly higher in the BB and BBM groups, compared with that of the HC group. Although hepatic LPO in the HC group was dramatically higher than that of the NC group, it was significantly lower in the BB and BBM groups, compared with that of the HC group. In addition, serum TG, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol in the HC group was significantly higher than that of the NC group, but was significantly lower in the BB and BBM groups, compared with that of the HC group. On the contrary, HDL-cholesterol in the HC group was significantly lower than that of the NC group, but was higher in the BB and BBM groups, compared with that of the HC group. In addition, activity of XOR D type in the HC group was lower than that of the NC group, but was slightly higher in the BB and BBM groups, compared with that of the NC group. Activities of ROS scavenging enzymes, such as SOD, GPX, and GST in the HC group were significantly lower than those of the NC group, but were significantly higher in the BB and BBM groups, compared with those of the HC group. In addition, serum ALT activity in the HC and BB groups was higher than that of the NC group, but was significantly lower in the BB and BBM groups, compared with that of the HC group. In histopathological findings, hepatic fat accumulation in the HC group was higher than that of the NC group, but was lower in the BBM group, compared with that of the HC and BB groups. In particular, antiobese, hypolipidemic, and antifatty liver effect of black bean powder fermented by M. pilosus was specifically higher than that of non-fermented steamed black bean. In conclusion, the constituents of black bean fermented by Monascus pilosus have been proven to not only inhibit obesity and hyperlipidemia but also decrease hepatic fat accumulation in high fat diet-induced obese mice.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.761-767
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• 2007

This study was conducted to determine the effects of exogenous zinc-metallothionein (Zn-MT) on anti-oxidative function and pork quality. After feeding a corn-soybean meal-based diet for two weeks, 48 pigs ($Duroc{\times}Landrace{\times}Chinese\;Black Pig$) were assigned randomly to four groups. Pigs in Group 1 were maintained under non-stress conditions, whereas pigs in Groups 2, 3 and 4 were aggressively handled for 25 min to produce stress. Pigs in Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 received intramuscular administration of saline (control group; CON), 0 (negative control group; NCON), 0.8 (low dose group; LOW), and 1.6 (high dose group; HIGH) mg rabbit liver Zn-MT per kg body weight, respectively. Pigs were slaughtered at 3 and 6 h post-injection. Zn-MT treatment increased (p<0.05) the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-peroxidase (GSH-PX) while decreasing the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver. These responses were greater (p<0.05) at 6 h than at 3 h post Zn-MT injection. Zn-MT treatment increased (p<0.05) hepatic SOD mRNA levels in a time and dose-dependent manner and decreased (p<0.05) serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase activities (indicators of tissue integrity). Zn-MT administration decreased (p<0.05) lactate concentration and increased (p<0.05) pH and water-holding capacity in the longissimus thorasis meat. Collectively, our results indicate that intramuscular administration of Zn-MT to pre-slaughter stressed pigs improved tissue anti-oxidative ability and meat quality.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.154-165
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• 2016

Recently, the frequency of extreme rainfall event has increased due to climate change and impermeable area also has increased due to rapid urbanization. Therefore, we ought to prepare countermeasures for flood reduction to reduce the damage. To consider climate change, the frequency based rainfall was calculated according to the aimed period(reference : 1971~2010, Target period I : 2011~2040, Target period II : 2041~2070, Target period III : 2071~2100) and the flood discharge was also calculated by climate change using HEC-HMS model. Also, the flood elevation was calculated by each alternative through HEC-RAS model, setting 5 sizes of drainage pumps and reservoirs respectively. The flood map was constructed using topographical data and flood elevation, and the economic analysis was conducted for reduction of flood damage using Multi dimension - Flood Damage Analysis, MD-FDA. As a result of the analysis on the flood control effect, a head of drainage pump was reduced by 0.06m up to 0.44m while it was reduced by 0.01m up to 1.86m in the case of a detention pond. The flooded area shrunk by up to 32.64% from 0.3% and inundation depth also dropped. As a result of a comparison of the Benefit/Cost index estimated by the economic analysis, detention pond E in period I and pump D in period II and III were deemed appropriate as an alternative for climate change. The results are expected to be used as good practices when implementing the flood control works considering climate change.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.107-114
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• 1999

It has long been recognized that dropwort contains specific funtional subtances for protecting human liver and preventing and curing its diseases, and thus it has been widely utilized in traditional folk remedy. In the present study. fresh of fermented extract of dropwort shoots grown on dryland and fresh extract of those grown on flooded fie1d were fed to the rats suffering from acute, subacute or chronical toxication induced by alcohol administration, and their affects were investigated. Administration of alcohol to rats and mice for 2 days at 5ml of 30% EtOH/kg/day raised total cholesterol and total glyceride which were, however, great1y supressed when alcohol was administered to the laboratory animals previously fed on fresh or fermented extract of dryland dropwort, or fresh extract of flooded field-grown dropwort for 20 days, without significant differences among the extracts. The levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase which were raised by alcohol adminstration were also lowered by feeding dropwort extract, among which that of fermented dryland-grown one was more effective than the other two. Chronic alcohol toxication was induced to rats by administering 10% alcohol for 10 months and fermented dropwort extract or tap water was fed to the rats for 5 days. The rats fed on fermented dropwort extract were lower in total cholesterol by 40% and in tota1 glyceride by 60% than the control. Alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in the rats fed on fermented dropwort extract were decreased by 87.2% and 91.7%, respectively, compared to the control, and the rats recovered almost to normal. Activity of alkaline phosphatase, catalase, superoxide dismutase or glutathione peroxidase changed greatly by alcohol administration in the rats suffering from chronic as well as acute toxication. The extract of fermented dry land dropwort significantly lowed the activity of those enzymes, especially, alkaline phosphatase and superoxide dismutase. The present results suggesting the possible medicinal effect of fermented dropwort extract to liver diseases.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.65-73
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• 2011

In analysis of DNA viruses from the contaminated shellfish using PCR, preparation method of template DNA is an important factor to get enough copy number of viruses. In this study, we evaluated the efficiency of PCR template of Megalocytivirus (sT50mg-D) DNA obtained from 50 mg digestive gland homogenate of oyster using commercial method, and compared with that obtained from 5 g of the same tissues (T5g-D) after PEG precipitation procedures of virus. Both templates DNA suspended in the same volume of distilled water showed positive results by primary PCR with 35 cycles, and the presence of Megalocytivirus was confirmed in oysters collected from cultured farms in Korea. Moreover, PCR with sT50mg-D allowed us to discriminate the contaminated oyster individually, that can not be done in PCR with T5g-D prepared from the mixture of three different individual oyster to get 5 g digestive gland homogenate. In quantitative analysis with real time PCR, Megalocytivirus concentrations in 50 ${\mu}l$ templates prepared using 0.5~50 mg of one positive sample were appeared in the range 6.14E+00~1.2E+02/${\mu}l$. We were not able to get positive result using template DNA contained less than 6.14E+00 copies. Consequently, 2-step PCR performed with DNA extracts from oyster homogenate of small amount (sT50mg-D) i) was enough to detect the contaminated Megalocytivirus in shellfish, ii) allowed us to do the analysis for individual shellfish rather than mixture of several shellfish and iii) showed the presence of Megalocytivirus in oyster from Korea.