• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.89-96
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• 2015

Smart water grid is a water network with communication to save water and energy using various water resources. In smart water grid, water product from the various sources can be blended to be supplied to end-users. The product water blending was reported by literatures while feed water blending has been rarely reported so far. In this work, a commercial reverse osmosis (RO) system design software provided by a membrane manufacturer was used to elucidate the effect of feed water blending on the performance of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) plant. Fresh water from exisiting water resource was assumed to be blended to seawater to decrease salt concentration of the RO feed water. The feed water blending can simplify the RO system from double to single pass and decrease seawater intake amount, the unit prices of the RO system components including high pressure pump, and operation risk. Due to the increase in RO plant capacity with the feed water blending, however, the RO membrane area and total power consumption increase at higher water blending rates. Therefore, a specific benefit-cost analysis should be carried out to apply the feed water blending to SWRO plants.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.171-181
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• 2007

Blending effects of hydrogen and water vapor on flame structure and NOx emission behavior are numerically studied with detailed chemistry in methane-air counterflow diffusion flames. The composition of fuel is systematically changed from pure methane and pure hydrogen to the blending fuels of methane-hydrogen-water vapor through the molar addition of $H_2O$. Flame structure is changed considerably for hydrogen-blending methane flames and hydrogen-blending methane flames diluted with water vapor in comparison to pure methane flame. These complicated changes of flame structures also affect NOx emission behavior considerably. The changes of thermal NO and Fenimore NO are analyzed for various combinations of the fuel composition. Importantly contributing reaction steps to thermal NO and Fenimore NO are addressed in pure methane, hydrogen-blending methane flames, and hydrogen-blending methane flames diluted with water vapor.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.281-289
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• 2019

Desalination plants are generally studied with higher operating costs compared to water supply facilities. This study was conducted to reduce the cost of water production and to preserve existing water resources. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to utilize the control valves to increase maximum efficiency, thereby reducing the power of the pumps and operating costs. Specific energy consumption was shown to reduce the process operating power by up to 1.7 times from 6.17 to $3.55kWh/m^3$ based on seawater reverse osmosis 60 bar. In addition, the water intake process was divided into pre, inter, and post-according to the use method of blasting, and the water treatment process was divided into pre, inter, and post blending. In order to reduce power consumption, the blending process was combined to operate the facility, which resulted in the reduction of power consumption in the order post > pre-inter> inter blending.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.102-112
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• 2003

This study was carried out to research and develop a shallow green rooftop system which would require low maintenance and therefore could be used for existing rooftops. To achieve these goals, the conceptual model was induced by past studies and the experimental systems were deduced from the conceptual model. On the growth of Sedum sarmentosum grown in these rooftop systems, the effects of artificial substrate type, soil depth, and drainage type were investigated from 3 April to 11 October 2002. Artificial substrates were an alone type and a blending type. The alone type was an artificial substrate formulated by blending crushed porous glass with bark(v/v, 6:4). The blending type was formulated by blending the alone type with loam(v/v, 1:1). Soil depths were 5cm, loom, and 15cm. Drainage types were a reservoir-drainage type and a drainage type. The reservoir-drainage type could keep water and drain excessive water at the same time. The drainage type could drain excessive water but could not keep water. Covering area, total fresh and dry weight, visual quality, and water content per 1g dry matter were measured. All the variables were analyzed by correlation analysis and factor analysis. The results of the study are summarized as follows. The growth increment was higher in the blending type than in the alone type, the highest in loom soil depth and higher in the reservoir-drainage type than in the drainage type. The growth quality was higher in the blending type than in the alone type, the highest in l0cm soil depth, and higher in the drainage type than in the reservoir-drainage type. In consideration of the permissible load on the existing rooftops and the effects of the treatments on the growth increment and quality, the system should adopt the blending type in artificial substrate types, 5~10cm in soil depths, and the drainage type in drainage types. This system will be well-suited to the growth of Sedum sarmentosum, and when the artificial substrate was in field capacity, the weight will be 75~115kg/$m^2$.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.589-596
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• 1990

In this study, the freezing and thawing resistance in sea-water of hardened cement paste was investigated by adding slag, diatomaceous earth and fly ash as blending materials and air entraining agent and superplasticizer as admixtures to the cement paste. The structure of hardened cement pate was densified by potential hydraulic properties and pozzolan reactivities of materials and the freezing and thawing resistance of the paste was improved with the effect blending materials and admixtures. As the blending materials were added to the paste, the quantity of C3A was relatively reduced and the formation of expansive ettringite was suppressed to decrease the penetration of sea-water or Cl-, SO42-ion, and then freeze-thaw resistance was enhanced. Particulary, when 40% of slag was mixed, the resistance was excellent.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.101.1-101.1
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• 2010

빗물과 생활하수를 이용하여 재이용수로 활용하는 방법은 각각 연구가 되어 있다. 하지만 그 두가지를 합쳐서 사용하는 연구는 현재까지 미흡하며, 본 연구에서 사용된 기술(Hybrid-MBR, 이하 HMBR)을 활용해서 중수 수질기준에 맞도록 Blending하는 실험을 하였다. 고도처리를 할 경우 운전이나 장치상의 문제로 수질오염이 생길 수 있는 것을 본 실험해서 사용한 blending을 이용하여 수질 오염을 방재할 수 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.437-443
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• 1990

The resistivity of cement paste and mortar for freezing and thawing was investigated for densifying the structure of cement paste and mortor, slag, diatomaceous earth and fly ash as blending materials and superplasticizer were used, and air entraining agent was added to absorb the volume expansion by freezing and thawing reaction. And then the specimens were subjected to freeze-thaw in water. When both of air entraining agent and superplasticizer as additives were mixed to specimens, their freeze-thaw resistance was enhanced by the air entraining effect and the water reduction effect. When 4% of slag were added to cement, freeze-thaw resistance was especially excellent. In addition, it was found that the specimens with blending materials were more influenced by curing periods than those without admixture. It is assumed that the curing periods contribute to exibit the potential hydraulicity and pozzolanic reactivity of blending materials and to densify their texture.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.463-481
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• 2017

Bacteria have been considered as a major foulant that initiates the formation of biofilm on the polymeric membrane surface. Some polymeric membranes are naturally antibacterial and have low fouling properties, however, numerous efforts have been devoted to improve their antibacterial performance. These modifications are mostly carried out through blending the membrane with an antibacterial agent or introducing the antibacterial agent on the membrane surface by chemical grafting. Currently, a significant number of researches have reported nanocomposite membrane as a new approach to fabricate an excellent antibacterial membrane. The antibacterial nanoparticles are dispersed homogenously in membrane structure by blending method or coating onto the membrane surface. Aim of the modifications is to prevent the initial attachment of bacteria to membrane surface and kill bacteria when attached on the membrane surface. In this paper, several studies on antibacterial modified membranes, particularly for water treatment, will be reviewed comprehensively. Special attention will be given on polymeric membrane modifications by introducing antibacterial agents through different methods, such as blending, grafting, and coating.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Structure & Construction
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.199-206
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• 2019

Experimental study on the durability characteristics to examine the feasibility of concrete with high water-tightness and self-healing performance to minimize maintenance of concrete for artificial ground is as follows. 1) When blending agent, swelling agents, and curing accelerator were added on the ternary system cement with blast-furnace slag fine particles and fly ash to give a self-healing property, higher blending strengths by 82% at design standard strength of 24MPa and by 74% at design strength of 30MPa, respectively could be obtained. 2) The permeability test for the specimens having high water-tightness and no shrinkage showed that the permeability was reduced at maximum of 98%. However, the permeability was decreased as the design strength was increased, showing the reduction rate of 87% at the design strength of 50MPa. 3) The depth of carbonation of blast-furnace slag and fly ash was increased in all the specimens compared with those of OPC only. However, as the material age was increased, carbonation penetration depth was decreased compared with the reference blend. 4) Compared with the reference blending using only OPC, the freeze-thaw resistance was higher in the case of blending with 40% of blast-furnace slag and 10% of fly ash at the design standard strength of 50MPa. In addition, the freeze-thaw resistance in general was superior in the design standard strength of 50MPa with the lower water-binder ratio (W/B) as compared with the design standard strength of 24MPa and 30MPa with the high water-binder ratios.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.190-199
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• 2020

The utilization of multiple water sources becomes important due to the master plan for development of water supply released by Ministry of Environment, Korea in 2018. In this study, therefore, the analysis of comprehensive effect in blending applicable water sources in Daesan where 100,000 ㎥/d seawater desalination plant will be constructed for industrial use was performed. The increase in mixing ratio of other water sources with seawater reduced salinity up to 50%, but negatively impacted the turbid and organic matter. Lab-scale reverse osmosis performance test also found that membrane fouling was exacerbated in blended water condition. The simulation results of reverse osmosis indicated 39% energy saving on average is expected at the one-to-one blending ratio, however, long-term performance test at the pilot-scale plant is highly required to evaluate the inclusive impact of mixing seawater and other water sources.