• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.143-146
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of different methods of hand washing by counting the number of bacteria on the hand surface. Eighteen clinicians were chosen and divided into three groups, consisting of six clinicians each. Culturing of the right raw palms of all individuals was performed. Individuals in the control group washed hands for 5 seconds with antimicrobial soap. Group 1 washed their hands for 10 seconds with antimicrobial soap. Group 2 washed with an instant alcohol-based hand sanitizer. After the respective washes, re-culturing of the right raw palm was done for each member of all groups. The colony-forming units (CFU) were calculated at each time point, and the reduction rate of CFU among the three groups were statistically evaluated using student t-test. All groups showed a significant decrease in CFU, according to the time applied (P<0.01). In addition, the reduction rate of CFU between the groups were statistically evaluated with ANOVA (P<0.01). It showed statistically difference between the control group and group 1, control group and group 2. The present study confirmed that the hand washing method with antimicrobial soap for 10 seconds and hand sanitizer, including alcohol, were excellent for decreasing the number of bacteria on the hand surface.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 2022

Background: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic increased awareness regarding the importance of hand hygiene in infection prevention. Although social distancing and vaccination are the strongest ways to prevent infection, personal hand hygiene is the most basic and easiest way to maintain public health. However, in addition to hand washing using running water, sanitizing tissues, and disinfection products are convenient for hand hygiene, especially outdoors. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the appropriateness of individual hand hygiene methods. In this study, we investigated the degree of hand hygiene offered by various hygiene products and hand drying methods for maintaining hand hygiene. Methods: An LED UV light kit was used for fluorescent observation of hand contamination. Bacteria from the hands were cultured to compare the degree of hand hygiene offered by various hygiene products. Bacteria were cultured in a hand-shaped medium dish to identify areas vulnerable to hand hygiene. Moreover, the degree of hand hygiene was observed according to the drying method using bacterial cultures. Results: We confirmed that hand washing under running water with antibacterial soap, sanitizing with alcohol gel disinfectant, and wiping with antibacterial wet wipes was effective for hand hygiene compared to washing under running water alone. However, for all hygiene products, a large number of bacteria were detected on the fingertips. We verified that natural drying, rather than rubbing, is effective in maintaining hand hygiene. Conclusion: These results suggest that hand hygiene products and drying methods are critical in hand hygiene management. Therefore, these results provide a basis for determining whether an individual's hand hygiene management method is appropriate.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.253-262
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• 2012

With the aim of remediating soils contaminated by heavy metals and oil, experimental research was conducted to evaluate the optimal design factors for remediation in terms of efficient soil washing methods and processes. The experiments employed absorptiometric analysis and gas chromatography methods to reduce the concentration of heavy metals such as cooper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn), and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in contaminated soils. The experimental processes consisted of deciding on the washing solution, washing time, and dilution ratio for contaminated soils. A dissolution analysis of heavy metals was then performed by the addition of surfactant, based on the results of the decision experiments, and the injection processes of microbes and hydrogen peroxide were selected. The experimental results revealed that reduction effects in contaminated soils under the experimental conditions were most efficient with hydrochloric acid 0.1 mole, washing time 1 hour, and dilution ratio 1:3, individually. Additional reduction effects for heavy metals and TPH were found with the addition of a washing solution of 1% of surfactant. The addition of microbes and hydrogen peroxide caused a reduction in TPH concentration.

• The Korean Journal of Ceramics
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.69-74
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• 1995

The optimal condition for minimal agglomeration of barium titanyl oxalate tetrahydrate, the precipitate on preparing barium titanate by oxalate process, was investigated. Burette-dropping and dual-nozzle-spraying were used as adding methods. pH of washing water for precipitates was changed, and sodium pyrophosphate solution, methanol, ethoanol, and acetone were used as washing agents for precipitates, as well as distilled water. Drying temperature was changed from $50^{\circ}C$ to $120^{\circ}C$. Spraying, methanol-washing, and drying at $60^{\circ}C$ showed the most dispersed distribution, Below $70^{\circ}C$, the crystalline phases were observed.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1999.07f
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• pp.2556-2558
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• 1999

We present voltage-source inverter for variable speed of washing machine. In the case of previous washing machines only on/off contol of motor was satisfied but these days the desire of customers moves to more silent and energy saving machine. Therefore many white goods manufacturers consider variable driving methods of motor. Nowadays variable speed Induction motors powered by inverters are becoming more and more popular. In this paper the principles of constant V/F control of Induction motor used in washing machine and space vector PWM technique are reviewd. Implementation issues such as command voltage generation, switching pattern determination, speed and power measurement are also presented. Experimental results are included in the end of the paper.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2024

In agricultural households cultivating vegetables and fruits, the use of various pesticides to protect crops from diseases and pests or to control weeds is widely practiced enhancing quality and productivity. However, pesticides can pose a threat to consumer health by remaining on the food surface or migrating into the food interior. Households commonly peel off skins, wash with water, or use chemical methods to remove foreign substances including residual pesticides on the food surface. In this study, we measured the washing rate by comparing the pesticide concentrations before and after washing in the leafy vegetable perilla leaves and the fruits strawberries and apples, which were intentionally exposed to pesticides. We compared washing rates using tap water, a baking soda solution, and a commercially available food-specific cleaning solution. The target pesticides for analysis were azoxystrobin, bifenthrin, boscalid, difenoconazole, flubendiamide, and indoxacarb, and the residual pesticide analysis was performed using GC-MS/MS or LC-MS/MS. The removal rates of pesticides were highest with the food-specific cleaner, followed by baking soda and tap water in order.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.1027-1030
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• 2013

Background: Peritoneal washing cytology (PWC) that shows the microscopic intra-peritoneal spread of gynaecologic cancers is not used in staging but is known as prognostic factor and effective in planning the intensity of the therapy. False negative or false positive results clearly affect the ability to make the best decision for therapy. In this study we assessed levels of tumour markers, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) and carbohydrate antigen (CA19-9), in peritoneal washing fluid to establish any possible contribution to the peritoneal washing cytology in patients operated for gynaecologic cancer. Materials and Methods: Preoperative tumour markers were studied in serum of blood samples obtained from the patients for preoperative evaluation of a gynaecologic operation. In the same group peritoneal tumour markers were studied in the washing fluid obtained for intraoperative cytological evaluation. Results: This study included a total of 94 patients, 62 with malignant and 32 with benign histopathology. The sensitivity of the cytological examination was found to be 21% with a specificity of 100%. When evaluated with CEA the sensitivity of the cytological examination has increased to 37%. Conclusions: In addition to examination of PWC, the level of CEA, a tumour marker, in peritoneal washing fluid can make a diagnostic contribution. Determining the level of CEA in peritoneal washing fluid will be useful in the management of gynaecologic cancers.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.85-91
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• 2022

As emphasized in the COVID-19 quarantine guidelines, hand washing is the most important prevention rule in tandem with distancing and mask. This study aimed to confirm relevant factors that affect practice of hand washing to find out approach for improvement of hand washing practice rate after COVID-19. Using the 2020 Community Health Survey data. As methods of research, this study searched for relevance by carrying out univariate logistic regression analysis, and also conducted multivariate logistic regression analysis using significant variables. Analysis results show that hand washing practice rate was high in females, well-educated, low age, cities, office job, the more people wear a face mask indoors, the higher the cycle of ventilation, the higher the cycle of disinfection and the more people maintain healthy distance. This study understood factors related to the rate of hand washing practice and results can be used as basic data for COVID-19 quarantine guidelines.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2020

Objectives : In previous studies, I presented various effects of Seosiokyongsan (SSOOS) cp soap on facial skin. However, in the case of skin clinical trials, various factors such as lifestyle, alcohol, tobacco, and stress could not be excluded. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of face wash using SSOOS cp soap on the skin without environmental factors. Methods : The same water and towel were used at the same place in order to examine the skin change state immediately before and after washing face with SSOOS cp soap. The skin test was performed before washing the face and after 10 minutes washing the face to compare the changes. As a control group, the case of washing with water without using cleanser and the case of washing with S-K cleanser, which is a popular commercial product, were set. Three cases were compared and analyzed. Results : In the case of water washing, the decrease in moisture was similar to that of the S-K cleanser and the amount of oil and pores decreased, but it was weaker than that of the S-K cleanser. The SSOOS cp soap showed a decrease in oil, pores, and pigments, but it was not significant, the moisture showed a significant decrease, but it was mild compared to S-K cleanser and water wash. Conclusion : In the case of SSOOS cp soap, the stimulation caused by facial cleansing was the least, showing a gentle change.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.36-43
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• 2012

Various methods are used to remediate soil contaminated with heavy metals or petroleum. In recent years, harsh physical and chemical remediation methods are being used to increase remediation efficiency, however, such processes could affect soil properties and degrade the ecological functions of the soil. Effects of soil washing, thermal desorption, and land farming, which are the most frequently used remediation methods, on the physicochemical properties of remediated soil were investigated in this study. For soils smaller than 2 mm, the soil texture were changed from sandy clay loam to sandy loam because of the decrease in the clay content after soil washing, and from loamy sand to sandy loam because of the decrease in the sand content and increase in silt content during thermal desorption, however, the soil texture remained unchanged after land farming process. The water-holding capacity, organic matter content, and total nitrogen concentration of the tested soil decreased after soil washing. A change in soil color and an increase in the available phosphate concentration were observed after thermal desorption. Exchangeable cations, total nitrogen, and available phosphate concentration were found to decrease after land farming; these components were probably used by microorganisms during as well as after the land farming process because microbial processes remain active even after land farming. A study of these changes can provide information useful for the reuse of remediated soil. However, it is insufficient to assess only soil physicochemical properties from the viewpoint of the reuse of remediated soil. Potential risks and ecological functions of remediated soil should also be considered to realize sustainable soil use.