• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.905-914
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• 1996

To study the effect of the bleaching agents in detergents on the degradation of cotton fabrics, the carboxyl contents, copper numbers, degree of polymerization, the change of tensile strengths and fiber surfaces of cotton fabric before and after washing were examined. The results obtained were as follows: As the cycles and temperature of washing increased, the carboxyl content of washed cotton fabric changed little but the copper unmber of cotton fabric was increased. At 6$0^{\circ}C$ , 8$0^{\circ}C$ the copper number of cotton fabric washed with soidum perborate (PB) was higher than that of with sodium percarbonate (PC). The degree of polymeriazation and tensile strength of cotton fabric were decreased and at higher temperature those were more decreased but were less decreased when tetraacetyehylenediamine (TAED) was added. The degree of polymerization had negative relation with copper unmber but with tensile strength of cotton fabric had positive relation. Cotton fiber surface was more degraded by bleaching agents and hydrogen peroxide exhaustion was increased as the temperature of washing increased. And hydrogen peroxide exhaustion had negative relation with the degree of polymerization.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.32-40
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• 1971

Optimum reactons for the preparation of extra-light magnesium carbonate from magnesium chloride and sodium carbonate solutions were found by observing the difference of crystalline shapes under an electromicroscope. Reaction temperature the and washing temperature were main factors affecting the crystalline shapes, and drying temperature was found to be of secondary importance. Optimum temperatures for reaction and washing ranged from $20^{\circ}C$ to $30^{\circ}C$ and the temperature over $40^{\circ}C$ should be avoided for the reaction and washing. It was found that the higher the drying temperature, the lighter the crsytal of the produced magnesium carbonate. Reaction time, molar ratio (Mg$^{2+}/CO_{3}^{2-}$ ) and the concentrations of magnesium chloride and sodium carbonate solutions have only a slight effect on the form of the product.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.119-131
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• 1997

Ball type automatic balancer is used to reduce the vibration caused by unbalance of rotor. In this study, A analytic modeling of a front loaded washing machine with ball type automatic balancer has been suggested theoretically and ADAMS has been used to analyze the dynamic characteristics of automatic balancer. It is found from simulation and experimental results that the automatic balancer suppress the steady state vibration of the washing machine effectively. The test results match well with the simulation results of ADAMS, thereby the dynamic model of ADAMS can be used as virtual prototype to predict the vibration characteristics which could be changed by the modification of design variable and can reduce the design cycle sharply. To maximize the balancing effect of automatic balancer, the friction between balls and race and the deviation between geometric center and rotation center of drum need to be minimized and the optimum design for the stiffness of flange shaft and the angular acceleration of drum should be achieved.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.866-880
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• 2021

This study aimed to ex situ colorize laccase-entrapped bacterial cellulose (BC) with natural phenolic dyes, namely,madder, turmeric, and cochineal, and to determine the effect of laccase entrapment on the dyeability of BC using color strength (K/S) analysis. Results showed that laccase entrapment improved the dyeability of BC and that pre-entrapment was the most effective method, compared with meta-entrapment and post-entrapment methods. In addition, surface characterizations confirmed the successful entrapment of laccase inside the BC nanostructure and retention of the cellulosic and crystalline structures of BC. The washing durability test confirmed that the K/S value of BC had improved after laccase entrapment. Furthermore, laccase-entrapped BC colorized with cochineal dye had the highest washing durability due to the high molecular weight of cochineal dyerelative to the other dyes. This study suggests a novel method for enhancing the dyeability and washing durability of BC colorized ex situ with natural phenolic dyes by laccase entrapment.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.339-345
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• 2000

The effects of protease and/or lipase on the removal of protein soil and oily soil were investigated in this study. Cotton, rayon, nylon, and PET fabrics were soiled by padding of fresh bovine blood and spotting of mixed artificial sebum evenly. The soiled fabrics were aged at $130^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes. The fabrics were washed by using Terg-O-Tometer at various conditions. Protease and/or lipase were added in the alcohol ethoxylate (AE) detergent solution. The removal efficiency was evaluated by analysis of protein and/or oil on the fabrics before and after washing, respectively. The detergency of protein and/or oil on the fabrics was discussed with enzyme concentration, washing time, washing temperature, pH of washing solution and fiber characteristics. The hydrolysis of protease improved effectively the removal of oil as well as protein by increasing removal of protein-oil mixed soil at the same time. The effect of lipase added detergent solution was slightly shown on the removal of oil and/or protein. The removal of mixed soils from cotton fabrics was very low because of large amount of residual soils caused by the physical characteristics of cotton fiber.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.680-688
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate on the removal of oily and particulate soils from silk fabrics. Various kinds of solvents were used on the removal of two kinds of soils treated into the silk fabrics. The removal of oily soil was analyzed by liquid scintillation counting method, and the removal of oil and carbon particulate mixed soils was evaluated by measuring of reflectance on the surface of soiled fabrics with/without drysoap in solvent washing by Terg-o-tometer. The surfaces of fabrics were also observed by SEM before and after washing. The results obtained were as follows : oily soils were removed efficiently by various kinds of solvents regardless of kinds of silk fabrics in short washing time. The removal effect of solvents from the soiled silk fabrics were high in the order of isopropyl alcohol>trichloroethane>monochlorobenzene>ethylether>perchloroethylene. Oil and carbon particulate mixed soils could be efficiently removed by adding of drysoap in solvent washing. The removal of mixed soils were increased drastically with rinsing and increased drysoap. The removal of soils was more efficiently removed from degummed silk fabrics than from the raw silk fabrics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.30 no.2 s.150
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• pp.296-305
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• 2006

This study evaluate the effect of laundering on the deformation of knitted spandex/cotton fabrics compared with that of knitted cotton fabrics. Commercial knitted spandex/cotton and knitted cotton fabrics for T-shits were laundered in a drum-type washing machine and dried in a tumble dryer. Wale spirality, shrinkage, elastic recovery and surface contour of knitted fabrics were investigated under different laundering conditions: washing temperature, presoaking time and washing cycles. Knitted spandex/cotton fabrics had a lower angle of spirality than knitted cotton fabrics. After the first washing cycle, the angles of spirality of all the fabrics had decreased greatly. Knitted cotton fabric of low density deformed more than that of higher density. Knitted spandex/cotton. fabric of low density shrank less, because of the greater extension given during heat-set. Permanent elongation length at the 80$\%$ extension was longer than at the 50$\%$ extension, and the knitted spandex/cotton fabric which was expanded greatly during heat-set had a lower elastic recovery rate. The surface appearance of the knitted spandex/cotton fabrics was worsl~ than that of the knitted cotton fabrics before laundering and after repeated laundering, because of the much protruded cotton fibers from the yarns.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 1980

A 2-site immunoradiometric assay for serum ferritin was evaluated with commercially available kit. The assay required 6 hours. The slope of the standard curve kept up ideal range with the calculation of maxium binding instead of total dose until expire date. The stage II washing was more important than the stage I washing on the modified washing procedure as the bead keeping to remain in the tube. With this modified mothod, three times of tube. washing was sufficient to reduce the significant errors The measured values of serially diluted sample with standard diluting buffer was proportional to the predicted values. In the experiment of serum effect on the assay. a linear relationship from 5 to 50% serum, but beyond 50% there was reduction in measured ferritin concentration. It has a sensitivity of 2.77 ng/ml, within-assay precision (CV) of 8.0%, and between-assay reproducibility(CV) of 7.4% (mean 174.8 ng/ml).

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.143-146
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of different methods of hand washing by counting the number of bacteria on the hand surface. Eighteen clinicians were chosen and divided into three groups, consisting of six clinicians each. Culturing of the right raw palms of all individuals was performed. Individuals in the control group washed hands for 5 seconds with antimicrobial soap. Group 1 washed their hands for 10 seconds with antimicrobial soap. Group 2 washed with an instant alcohol-based hand sanitizer. After the respective washes, re-culturing of the right raw palm was done for each member of all groups. The colony-forming units (CFU) were calculated at each time point, and the reduction rate of CFU among the three groups were statistically evaluated using student t-test. All groups showed a significant decrease in CFU, according to the time applied (P<0.01). In addition, the reduction rate of CFU between the groups were statistically evaluated with ANOVA (P<0.01). It showed statistically difference between the control group and group 1, control group and group 2. The present study confirmed that the hand washing method with antimicrobial soap for 10 seconds and hand sanitizer, including alcohol, were excellent for decreasing the number of bacteria on the hand surface.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.270-280
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• 2012

This study examined the dyeing characteristics of five oriental herbs, namely Gardenia jasminoides, Sophora japonica L., Rheum coreanum, Rhus javanica L., Ginkgo biloba L., on fabrics with traditional fermentation using malt. And the properties of Hwangsu (mineral water) of Yeongcheon (Korea)as a mordant in the post-treatment of textile were evaluated. The dyeability and fastness of cotton fabric and silk to light and washing as well as different fermentation periods and temperatures were investigated, and the following results were obtained. The dyeability of the fermented and non-fermented material did not show a significant difference. Fabrics mordanted with Hwangsu generally exhibited a reddish color due to the presence of iron. The dyeing of cotton fabric and silk by fermentation and Hwangsu mordanting were found to be effective on Rhus javanica L. and Rheum coreanum. These results were confirmed through fastness to light 3 of cotton on Rheum coreanum and 3-4 of silk on Rhus javanica L., respectively. The washing fastness of both fabrics dyed with fermented Rhus javanica L. and Rheum coreanum was improved, showing higher K/S value after washing than before washing.