• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.121-127
• /
• 2000

To assess the quality characteristics of home-made Doenjang prepared by traditional methods, general components, organic acids, amino acids and fatty acid composition of Doenjang were investigated. The contents of moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, salt and the titratable acidity(as milliliter of 0.1 N NaOH consumed) of Doenjang were 57.3%, 11.6%, 8.3%, 13.9%, and 11.8, respectively. There were wide variation in the contents of crude protein and salt among all samples. The average content of amino type nitrogen was 308.4mg%(w/w), however, it ranged from 202.3 to 416.3 mg% in which the contents some samples were 1.3∼2.1 folds greater than others. Hunter color values of L(lightness), a(redness) and b(yellowness) were 37.3, +19.6, and +17.5, respectively. Browning index value(expressed as optical density at 425 nm) of water-soluble compound(2.23) was more than 5.7 times higher than that of water-insoluble compound(0.39). The contents of free and total amino acids were 2908.9 and 9019.3 mg%, respectively, and the range of free amino acids(1.8∼6.2 times) were much wider than the range of total amino acids(1.2∼2.0 times). Glutamic acid was most abundant in free and total amino acids as 576 and 1,126 mg%, respectively. The main organic acid was lactic acid as 326.8 mg% ranging from 59.4 to 613.4 mg%. Linoleic acid(49.24%) showed the highest content in total fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acid comprised 81.97% of total fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acid ranged from 51.79 to 62.97%.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.141-152
• /
• 1994

The effects of feeding diets with different fatty acids on the composition of fatty acids and vitamin E status in maternal milk & serum and pup's serum were studied. Dietary fats(10% by wt) include on oil(CO), soybean oil(SO), perilla seed oil(PO : about 60% , C18 : 3 $\omega$3) and fish oil(FO : rich in C20 : 5$\omega$3, eicosapentaenoic acid = EPA & 22 : 6$\omega$3, docosahexaenoic acid = DHA), Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200-250g, were fed experimental diets from pregnancy through lactation period. Maternal milk was obtained by gentle squeezing after 30 minutes of oxytocin(0.2 IU, intraperitoneal) injection. The fatty acid compositions of milk and serum were analyzed at day-2 and day-15. The concentrations of vitamin E in maternal milk and serum and pup's serum were also analyzed. The groups of CO, SO and PO which had no DHA in their diet, contained DHA in their milk, The rations of EPA+DHA/arachidonic acid(AA) were higher in PO group than those in either CO or SO group. This seemed to be due not only to more conversion from C18 : 3$\omega$3 to C20 : 5$\omega$3 and C22 : 6$\omega$3 but also to inhibition of C18 : 2$\omega$6 conversion to C20 : 4$\omega$6. More DHA was found in day-2 milk than in day-15 milk. It was also noted that milk contained more DHA was found in day-2 milk than in day-15 milk. It was also noted that milk contained more DHA than serum and this difference was larger in day-2 than in day-15 milk. Even though the concentrations of vitamin E both in maternal serum and milk were lower in PO and FO groups fed highly unsaturated fat than in CO or SO groups, pup's serum did not show a significant difference among all the experimental groups indicating that the pups man secure their essential nutrients by the biomagnification mechanism.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.47 no.2
• /
• pp.144-153
• /
• 2014

Both docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) have attracted increasing attention since the first epidemiological report on the importance of n-3 essential fatty acids. Lipids in microbial cells play various biological roles and, consequently, much research has been carried out on their role in cell physiology. The lipid composition of microorganisms can exhibit considerable variations depending on environment. The effects of culture conditions, temperature (15, 20, 24, 28, 32 and $36^{\circ}C$), salinity (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 psu), pH (pH5, 6, 7, 8 and 9), rotation speeds (50, 100, 150 and 200 rpm), carbon sources, nitrogen sources and C/N ratio on the production of docosahexaenoic acid, fatty-acid profiles, and acids secreted to the broth culture by the oleaginous microorganism, Schizochytrium mangrovei (KCTC 11117BP), were studied. Temperature (initially $28^{\circ}C$), salinity (20 psu), pH (pH7), rotation speeds (100 rpm), organism fatty acids, and secreted acids in the broth were varied during cultivation of S. mangrovei. At pH 7.0, S. mangrovei was able to accumulate lipids up to 40% of its biomass, with 13% (w/w) DHA content. The monosaccharides glucose and fructose, and yeast extract were suitable carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. The primary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid produced was docosahexaenoic acid.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.4 no.4
• /
• pp.261-264
• /
• 2001

Seasonal variation in fatty acid profiles was examined in the visceral mass and the posterior adductor muscle of the female pen shell, Atrina pectinata. Total percentages of saturated fatty acids were similar between the two organs, and there was not a prominent seasonal change in both tissues. While the percentages of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) in the visceral mass were higher than those in the posterior adductor muscle, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) were high in the posterior adductor muscle. HUFA contents, especially in $20: 5\omega3$, $22: 5\omega3$ and $22: 6\omega3$, markedly decreased in September in the visceral mass, and this decrease was associated with a corresponding total MUFAs in the same organ. A similar pattern of change in September was noted in the posterior adductor muscle MUFAs and HUFAs. These results indicate that $20:\omega3$ and $22:\omega3$ HUFA changes in the visceral mass and posterior adductor muscle reflect the reproductive stages in pen shell.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.52 no.4
• /
• pp.323-331
• /
• 2019

Purpose: Glucocorticoids (GCs) are implicated in secondary osteoporosis, and the resulting fractures cause significant morbidity. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play a vital role in bone metabolism. However, few trials have studied the impact of omega-3 PUFA-containing oils against GC-induced osteoporosis. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to determine whether supplementation with omega-3 PUFA-containing dietary oils such as fish oil, flaxseed oil or soybean oil can impede the development of GC-induced osteoporosis. Methods: The fatty acids (FAs) content of oils was determined using gas chromatography. Male rats were subdivided into 5 groups (8 rats each): normal control (balanced diet), prednisolone control (10 mg/kg prednisolone daily), soybean oil (prednisolone 10 mg/kg + soybean oil 7% w/w), flaxseed oil (prednisolone 10 mg/kg + flaxseed oil 7% w/w), and fish oil (from cod liver; prednisolone 10 mg/kg + fish oil 7% w/w). Results: The study data exhibited a significant depletion in bone mineral density (BMD) and femur mass in the prednisolone control compared to the normal control, accompanied with a marked decrease in the levels of plasma calcium and 1,25-$(OH)_2$-vitamin $D_3$, and elevated levels of C-terminal telopeptide (CTX), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Supplementation with fish oil, soybean oil or flaxseed oil helped to improve plasma calcium levels, and suppress oxidative stress and inflammatory markers. Additionally, bone resorption was suppressed as reflected by the decreased CTX levels. However, fish oil was more effective than the other two oils with a significant improvement in BMD and normal histological results compared to the normal control. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that supplementation with dietary oils containing omega-3 PUFAs such as fish oil, soybean oil or flaxseed oil can play a role in the prevention of bone loss and in the regulation of bone metabolism, especially fish oil which demonstrated a greater level of protection against GC-induced osteoporosis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.119-125
• /
• 2006

The present study including two experiments was designed to determine the effect of media containing different rare earth elements (REE) on proliferation and fatty acids accumulation in 3T3-L1 cell cultures. In Experiment 1, 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in 96-well plates ($1.5{\times}10^4cells/ml$) were cultured with Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) for 24 h. Then the media were changed to the following 10 different media for 48 h: DMEM containing 10% FBS for the control; the above media containing $5{\mu}M$, $10{\mu}M$ or $15{\mu}M$ of $LaCl_3$, $CeCl_3$ or the mixture of these REE chlorides. The proliferation rate of the cells was measured and compared by a non-isotope method-XTT method. In Experiment 2 the cells in 24-well plates ($1.5{\times}10^4cells/ml$) were cultured in DMEM containing 10% FBS for 7 days until confluent and then were changed to above DMEM containing dexamethasone, methyl-isobutylxanthine and insulin (DMI) for two days. Afterwards the media were changed to the 10 different media with REE supplements as in Experiment 1 and cultured for 6 days. The cells were then harvested for fatty acids analysis by gas chromatography. It was found that supplementation of La (5, 10 and $15{\mu}M$), Ce ($5{\mu}M$ and $15{\mu}M$) and the mixture REE (5, 10 and $15{\mu}M$) stimulated (p<0.05) the proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes (Experiment 1). In the differentiating 3T3-L1 cells supplementation of La ($5{\mu}M$ and $10{\mu}M$), Ce ($5{\mu}M$) and the mixture REE ($5{\mu}M$ and $15{\mu}M$) decreased (p<0.05) the concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) per $10^5cells$, while the supplementation of La ($5{\mu}M$), Ce ($5{\mu}M$) and the mixture REE ($15{\mu}M$) increased (p<0.05) the ratio of saturated fatty acids (SFA) to MUFA. These results indicate that the supplementation of REE to the media may affect proliferation, differentiation and lipogenesis rates of 3T3-L1 cells. However, the effect may depend upon the level or type of REE applied.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.134-140
• /
• 2000

This study was performed to investigate the effects of n-3 fatty acids on renal function in male Sprague-Dawley rats of different ages 5-, 15- and 19-months old. The rats were fed a 20%(w/w) lipid diet containing 10% fish oil, compared with control animals fed a 20% lipid diet without fish oil for 4 weeks. The results were as follows: kidney weights were significantly higher in fish oil-fed rats compared to control rats. Plasma levels of total lipid, total cholesterol, and triglyceride markedly increased, with aging and LDL-cholesterol showing a significantly lower level in fish oil-fed rats than control rats. The urinary protein and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) increased with aging. GFR was higher in fish oil-fed rats. However, urinary protein was the same in the two groups. Renal medulla thromboxane B$_2$(TXB$_2$)tended to be lower in fish oil-fed 19-month-old rats. Urinary TXB$_2$and PGE$_2$were found to be higher proteinuria. Light microscopic examination showed interstitial inflammation, tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis and glomerular mesangium increase. Although glomerular sclerosis increased with aging, fish oil in the diet had no effect on histological changes. In conclusion, plasma lipid, urinary protein excretion and renal histological change showed a significant increase with aging. The reduction of TXB$_2$in the medulla and increase of GFR caused by fish oil indicated n-3 fatty acid could affect renal function in line with the hypolipidemic effect.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.123-128
• /
• 2002

Fatty acid compositions of Setaria italica, Panirum miliaceum and Sorghum bicolor were determined with total lipids extracted. Total lipid content of Setaria italica, Panium miliaceum and Sorghum bicolor were 3.9%(w/w), 2.7%(w/w) and 2.3%(w/w), respectively. Total lipids were fractionated into neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids by the silicic acid column chromatography. Neutral lipids were the most abundant component. Among fatty acids separated by GC, linoleic acid was determined as a major fraction in Setaria italica, Panicum miliaceum and Sorghum bicolor. Palmitic acid and oleic acid were also separated as second major components. In Setaria italica, behenic acid was separated from the phospholipid fraction and myristic acid from the neutral lipid fraction. Linolenic acid was not detected in all the samples.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.6 no.3
• /
• pp.170-175
• /
• 2001

This study was designed to investigate the effect of different sources of $\omega$3 fatty acid in the diet with a similar polyunsaturated/saturated (P/S) fatty acid ratio and $\omega$6/$\omega$3 fatty acid ratio as well as excess DHA on the plasma fatty acid composition and cholesterol level of rats. Three experimental diets contained 10% (w/w) dietary lipids. The control diet and one treatment diet were corn oil-based diets with different $\omega$-3 fatty acid sources: perilla (CO) or fish oil (CF), respectively. In order to examine the effect of excess DHA, the other treatment diet (FO) was a fish oil-based diet with corn oil to supply essential fatty acids at the level of 1.8% (w/w) of the diet. Female Sprague Dawley rats were fed the experimental diets for 2 weeks prior to mating and throughout gestation and lactation. Pups were weaned to the same diet of dams at 21 days of age. Plasma fatty acid compositions and cholesterol contents were analyzed for pups at 3th, 7th and 10th week after birth. Plasma DHA concentrations increased significantly as the level of fish oil supplementation increased. Three-, seven- and ten-week old rats fed on CO diet which contained only $\alpha$-lino1enic acid as a $\omega$-3 fatty acid Source had Plasma DHA levels of 4.85%, 3.15% ana 2.47%, respectively, suggesting that rats at this period of development can convert $\alpha$-linolenic acid to DHA. But the ability to form DHA might be limited, since dietary DHA showed to be more effective in raising the plasma level of DHA. There was a significant negative correlation between DHA and cholesterol concentration of the rat plasma at 7th week (r=0.34, p<0.05) and l0th week after birth (r=036, p<0.05), proving the hypocholesterolemic effect of DHA.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.22 no.12
• /
• pp.1686-1692
• /
• 2009

Garlic oil (GAR, Allium sativum L.) has been studied as a feed additive to improve animal production performance and decrease methane emission in ruminants. The present study was designed to determine the possible effect of GAR on fatty acid composition and accumulation in animal fat tissue using a cell model. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes at $2{\times}10^{4}\;mL^{-1}$ were seeded to 24-well plates and allowed to proliferate to reach confluence. The cells were then treated with media containing 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 $\mu{g}$ $mL^{-1}$ of GAR during the differentiation period for 8 days. Media containing dexamethasone, methyl-isobutylxanthine and insulin was applied during the first 2 days of the early differentiation period. On day 8 sub-sets of the wells were stained with oil red-O and the remaining cells were harvested for determination of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.8] (GPDH) activity (n = 6) and cellular fatty acid concentration (n = 6). It was found that supplementation of GAR increased (p<0.05) the ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids in the adipocytes and showed inhibitory effect (p<0.05) on the post-confluent proliferation. With relative low dosage, GAR (5-20 $\mu{g}$ $mL^{-1}$) increased (p<0.05) the GPDH activity without affecting the cellular fatty acid concentration, while a high dosage (40 $\mu{g}$ $mL^{-1}$) inhibited (p<0.05) fatty acid accumulation and decreased GPDH activity. Supplementation of GAR had an effect on cell post-confluent proliferation, differentiation and fatty acid accumulation. However, the effect may be diverse and depends on the dose applied.