• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제55권6호
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• pp.474-481
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• 2018

This paper is to compare by numerical analysis the flow characteristics and propulsion performance of stern with the shape change of K-duct, a pre-swirl duct developed by Korea Research Institute of Ships & Ocean Engineering (KRISO). First, the characteristics of the propeller and the resistance and self-propulsion before and after the attachment of the K-duct to the ship were verified and the validity of the calculation method was confirmed by comparing this result with the model test results. After that, resistance and self-propulsion calculations were performed by the same numerical method when the K-duct was changed into five different shapes. The efficiency of the other five cases was compared using the delivery horsepower in the model scale and the flow characteristics of the stern were analyzed as the velocity and pressure distributions in the area between the duct end and the propeller plane. For the computation, STAR-CCM +, a general-purpose flow analysis program, was used and the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations were applied. Rigid Body Motion (RBM) method was used for the propeller rotating motion and SST $k-{\omega}$ turbulence model was applied for the turbulence model. As a result, the tangential velocity of the propeller inflow changed according to the position angle change of the stator, and the pressure of the propeller hub and the cap changes. This regulated the propeller hub vortex. It was confirmed that the vortex of the portion where the fixed blade and the duct meet was reduced by blunt change.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.177-191
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• 2022

Trains emerging on a streamlined bridge-girder may have salient interference effects on the aerodynamic properties of the bridge. The present paper aims at investigating these interferences by wind tunnel measurements, covering surface pressure distributions, near wake profiles, and flow visualizations. Experimental results show that the above interferences can be categorized into two primary effects, i.e., an additional angle of attack (AoA) and an enhancement in flow separation. The additional AoA effect is demonstrated by the upward-moved stagnation point of the oncoming flow, the up-shifted global symmetrical axis of flow around the bridge-girder, and the clockwise-deflected orientation of flow approaching the bridge-girder. Due to this additional AoA effect, the two critical AoAs, where flow around the bridge-girder transits from trailing-edge vortex shedding (TEVS) to impinging leading-edge vortices (ILEV) and from ILEV to leading-edge vortex shedding (LEVS) of the bridge-girder are increased by 4° with respect to the same bridge-girder without trains. On the other hand, the underlying flow physics of the enhancement in flow separation is the large-scale vortices shedding from trains instead of TEVS, ILEV, and LEVS governed the upper half bridge-girder without trains in different ranges of AoA. Because of this enhancement, the mean lift and moment force coefficients, all the three fluctuating force coefficients (drag, lift, and moment), and the aerodynamic span-wise correlation of the bridge-girder are more significant than those without trains.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제90권1호
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• pp.27-40
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• 2024

The prediction of VIV amplitude is essential for the design and fatigue life estimation of steel tubes in tubular transmission towers. Limited to costly and time-consuming traditional experimental and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods, a machine learning (ML)-based method is proposed to efficiently predict the VIV amplitude of steel tubes in transmission towers. Firstly, by introducing the first-order mode shape to the two-dimensional CFD method, a simplified response analysis method (SRAM) is presented to calculate the VIV amplitude of steel tubes in transmission towers, which enables to build a dataset for training ML models. Then, by taking mass ratio M^*, damping ratio ξ, and reduced velocity U^* as the input variables, a Kriging-based prediction method (KPM) is further proposed to estimate the VIV amplitude of steel tubes in transmission towers by combining the SRAM with the Kriging-based ML model. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed methods are demonstrated by using three full-scale steel tubes with C-shaped, Cross-shaped, and Flange-plate joints, respectively. The results show that the SRAM can reasonably calculate the VIV amplitude, in which the relative errors of VIV maximum amplitude in three examples are less than 6%. Meanwhile, the KPM can well predict the VIV amplitude of steel tubes in transmission towers within the studied range of M^*, ξ and U^*. Particularly, the KPM presents an excellent capability in estimating the VIV maximum amplitude by using the reduced damping parameter S_G.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.118-122
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• 2016

Froude(Fr) 수의 상사성을 통해 문풀의 크기와 유동 속도를 결정할 경우 축척비에 따라 문풀 내부 유동에 대한 Reynolds(Re) 수가 크게 달라진다. 즉 같은 Fr 수를 갖는다 할지라도 축척비에 따라 문풀 내부 유동 특성이 달라질 수 있음을 의미한다. 본 연구에서는 같은 Fr 수로 상사되었을 때 축척비가 문풀 내부 유동 특성에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위해 2차원 수치 해석을 수행하였다. 문풀의 크기가 작을 때 문풀에 작용하는 힘은 매우 주기적인 특성을 보이는 반면 문풀의 크기가 커질수록 주기가 일정하지 않은 교란 특성을 보이기 때문에 과도 응답과 통계적 정상 상태의 응답을 구분하기 어려워진다. 주파수 특성에 있어서도 축척비의 제곱근에 반비례하여 나타나는 주파수 특성($f_{0.5}{\approx}{\sqrt{2}}f_1{\approx}2f_{2.0}$)은 Fr 수의 상사성에 따른 유동 특성으로 볼 수 있으나, 문풀의 크기가 클 때 매우 낮은 주파수($f_{2.0}=0.07$)로 문풀 내부에서 매우 강한 와가 발생하는데 이는 축척비에 따른 영향이다.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제44권7호
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• pp.585-592
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• 2016

하이브리드 로켓의 연소실험에서 관찰된 500 Hz 대역의 연소압력과 연소반응 변동이 안정한 연소에서 발생하는 원인과 LFI로 발전하는 과정을 분석하기 위하여 $CH^*$ 화학발광 이미지와 PMT(photomultiplier tube)에 의한 광자방출 측정으로 연소반응 변화를 가시화하였다. 안정한 연소에서는 500 Hz 대역의 연소압력과 연소반응 변동의 위상차이가 180 도 정도를 이루며 전단층 유동을 따라서 정상적인 연소가 발생하였다. 그러나 불안정 연소가 발생하면, 500 Hz 주파수의 두 변동의 위상차는 60~70 도로 양의 관계(positive coupling)를 이루며 상하 대칭의 와류 발생과 국부적 소염이 나타나는 주기적 변화를 반복한다. 또한 천이구간에서는 매우 불규칙적인 와류와 상하 대칭의 전단층 유동 형상이 번갈아 관찰되고 있다. 이것은 연소의 영향으로 와류가 발생하는 것으로 보염기 후류에서 발생한 BVK 유동불안정과 유사한 특성을 보여준다, 따라서 하이브리드 로켓 연소의 저주파수 연소불안정은 500 Hz 대역의 연소반응 변동에 의한 와류의 발생과 이로 인한 국부적인 소염이 점진적으로 발전하여 완전한 주기적 소염으로 이어졌고, 20 Hz의 연소불안정으로 발전하는 것으로 판단하였다.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.48-56
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• 2002

KRISO 3600 TEU 컨테이너 모형선의 반류 유동을 PIV 기법을 이용하여 측정하였다. 본 실험은 시험부의 크기가 $1.0^W{\times}1.0^H{\times}4.5^L(m)$인 회류수조에서 수행되었는데, 선박 반류의 종단면과 횡단면에서 속도장을 측정함으로써 반류의 유동특성을 해석하였다. 실험시 횡단면 측정은 반류영역인 Station -0.5767, -1, -3의 3단면에서 수행하였고, 종단면의 경우 배의 중심 평면에서 우현방향으로 Z/(B/2)=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6의 5단면에서 속도장을 측정하였다. 자유흐름속도는 $U_O=0.6m/s$로 고정하였는데, 수선간 길이 $L_{PP}=1.5m$에 기초한 레이놀즈수는 약 $Re=9{\times}10^5$이다. 각각의 측정 단면에서 순간속도장 400장을 구하고, 이들을 앙상블(ensemble) 평균하여 평균속도장, 난류운동 에너지 및 와도의 공간분포를 구하였다. 반류영역에는 서로 반대방향으로 회전하는 한 쌍의 longitudinal 보오텍스가 존재하며 수선 근처에 반대방향으로 회전하는 2차 와류가 발생하였다. 하류로 나아감에 따라 longitudinal 보오텍스와 2차 와류는 난류확산과 점성소산에 의하여 강도가 약화되지만 반류영역은 점차 확장된다.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.397-413
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• 2018

Excitation mechanism of interference effect between two tall buildings is investigated with wind tunnel experiments. Synchronized building surface pressure and flow field measurements by particle image velocimetry (PIV) are conducted to explore the relationship between the disturbed wind flow field and the consequent wind load modification for twin buildings in tandem. This reveals evident excitation mechanisms for the fluctuating across-wind loads on the buildings. For small distance (X/D < 3) between two buildings, the disturbed flow pattern of impaired vortex shedding is observed and the fluctuating across-wind load on the downstream building decreases. For larger distance ($X/D{\geq}3$), strong correlation between the across-wind load of the downstream building and the oscillation of the wake of the upstream building is found. By further analysis with conditional sampling and phase-averaged techniques, the coherent flow structures in the building gap are clearly observed and the wake oscillation of the upstream building is confirmed to be the reason of the magnified across-wind force on the downstream building. For efficient PIV measurement, the experiments use a square-section high-rise building model with geometry scale smaller than the usual value. Interference factors for all three components of wind loads on the building models being surrounded by another identical building with various configurations are measured and compared with those from previous studies made at large geometry scale. The results support that for interference effect between buildings with sharp corners, the length scale effect plays a minor role provided that the minimum Reynolds number requirement is met.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.557-580
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• 2010

A new inflow turbulence generation method and a combined dynamic SGS model recently developed by the authors were applied to evaluate the wind effects on 508 m high Taipei 101 Tower. Unlike the majority of the past studies on large eddy simulation (LES) of wind effects on tall buildings, the present numerical simulations were conducted for the full-scale tall building with Reynolds number greater than $10^8$. The inflow turbulent flow field was generated based on the new method called discretizing and synthesizing of random flow generation technique (DSRFG) with a prominent feature that the generated wind velocity fluctuations satisfy any target spectrum and target profiles of turbulence intensity and turbulence integral length scale. The new dynamic SGS model takes both advantages of one-equation SGS model and a dynamic production term without test-filtering operation, which is particular suitable to relative coarse grid situations and high Reynolds number flows. The results of comparative investigations with and without generation of inflow turbulence show that: (1) proper simulation of an inflow turbulent field is essential in accurate evaluation of dynamic wind loads on a tall building and the prescribed inflow turbulence characteristics can be adequately imposed on the inflow boundary by the DSRFG method; (2) the DSRFG can generate a large number of random vortex-like patterns in oncoming flow, leading to good agreements of both mean and dynamic forces with wind tunnel test results; (3) The dynamic mechanism of the adopted SGS model behaves adequately in the present LES and its integration with the DSRFG technique can provide satisfactory predictions of the wind effects on the super-tall building.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.17-26
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• 2002

훈련기의 1/12 축소 날개반쪽 모델 및 1/16 축소 완제기 전체모델에 날개끝 불어내기 방향이 다른 3가지 슬롯(전방 35도 방향, 날개방향, 후방35도 방향)을 장착하고, 또한 3가지 불어내기 운동량 계수 (0. 004, 0.009, 0.017)의 변화를 받음각의 증가에 따라 양력과 항력의 공력특성의 변화를 비교하였고, 반쪽모델에서는 전체모델과 같은 방법으로 날개 윗면의 압력을 측정하여 기본형과 비교하였다. 실험결과 날개방향으로 불어내기를 하였을 경우와 불어내기 운동량 계수가 0.017인 경우가 가장 큰 항력감소와 양항비의 증가를 나타냈으며, 받음각 8도에서 가장 큰 항력감소율과 양항비 증가율이 있었음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국가시화정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가시화정보학회 2007년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.134-137
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• 2007

The temporal evolution of wake behind a circular cylinder oscillating rotationally with a relatively high forcing frequency has been investigated experimentally using a dynamic PIV technique. Experiments were carried out with varying the frequency ratio $F_R\;(=f_f/f_n)$ in the range from 0.0 (stationary) to 1.6 at oscillation amplitude of ${\theta}_A=30^{\circ}$ and Reynolds number of $Re=4.14{\times}10^3$. Depending on the forcing condition ($F_R$), the flow was divided into three regimes; non-lock-on ($F_R=0.4$), transition ($F_R=0.8$, 1.6) and lock-on regimes ($F_R=1.0$) with markedly different flow structure in the near-wake region behind the cylinder. When the frequency ratio was less than 1.0 ($F_R{\le}1.0$), the rotational oscillatory motion of the cylinder decreased the length of the vortex formation region and enhanced the mutual interaction between large-scale vortices across the wake centerline. The entrainment of ambient fluid seemed to play an important role in controlling the near-wake flow and shear-layer instability. However, the flow characteristics changed markedly beyond the lock-on flow regime ($F_R=1.0$) due to high-frequency forcing. At $F_R=1.6$, the mutual interactions between the vortices shed from both sides of the cylinder were not so strong. Thereby, the flow entrainment and momentum transfer into the wake center region were reduced. In addition, the size of the large-scale vortices decreased since the lateral extent of the wake was suppressed.