• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.49-54
• /
• 1999

This study was carried out to compare the bioavailability of Hanmi clarithromycin (250 mg/tablet) with that of $Klaricid^{(R)}$ The bioavailability was examined on 20 volunteers who received a single dose (500 mg) of each drug in the fasting state in a randomized balanced 2-way crossover design. After dosing, blood samples were collected for a period of 12 hours. Plasma samples were analyzed for clarithromycin and roxithromycin(internal standard) by HPLC/Coulometric BCD. The pharmaco-kinetic parameters ($AUC_{0-l2hr}$, Cmax, Tmax, $AUC_{inf}$, Ka, Kel, $t_{1/2}$, Vd/F and Cl/F) were calculated from the plasma clarithromycin concentration-time data of each volunteer. The computer program 'WinNonlin' was used for compartmental analysis. One compartment model with first-order input, from order output with lag time, weighting factor $l/y^2$ was chosen as the appropriate pharmacokinetic model. The major pharmacokinetic parameters ($AUC_{0-l2hr},\;AUC_{inf}$, Cmax and Tmax) of Hanmi clarithromycin were $10.7\pm0.5\;{\mu}g{\cdot}hr{\cdot}ml^{-1},\;12.7\pm0.7\;{\mu}g{\cdot}hr{\cdot}ml^{-1},\;1.7\pm0.1\;{\mu}g/ml\;and\;2.0\pm0.2\;hr$, respectively, and those of $Klaricid^{(R)}\;were\;9.8\pm0.5\;{\mu}g{\cdot}hr{\cdot}ml^{-1},\;11.7\pm0.6\;{\mu}g{\cdot}hr{\cdot}ml^{-1},\;1.6\pm0.1\;{\mu}g/ml\;and\;2.1\pm0.1\;hr$, respectively. The differences in mean values of $AUC_{0-l2hr},\;AUC_{inf}$ and Cmax between two products were $9.88\%,\;8.94%\;and\;6.59\%$, respectively. The least significant differences at $\alpha=0.05$ for $AUC_{0-l2hr},\;AUC_{inf}$ and Cmax were $16.08\%,\;17.81\%\;and\;18.94\%$, respectively. Though the plasma clarithromycin concentrations of Hanmi clarithromycin were higher than those of $Klaricid^{(R)}$ at all observed times, the bioavailability of Hanmi clarithromycin appeared to be bioequivalent with that of $Klaricid^{(R)}$. The Ka, Kel, $t_{1/2}$, Vd/F and Cl/F of the Hanmi clarithromycin were $2.69\pm0.53\;hr^{-1},\;0.18\pm0.01 hr^{-1},\;3.9\;hr,\;248.8\pm11.4\;L\;and\;43.7\pm2.6\;L/hr$, respectively, and those of $Klaricid^{(R)} were 2.19\pm0.51\;hr^{-1},\;0.18\pm0.02\;hr^{-1},\;3.7\;hr,\;266.7\pm22.4\;L\;and\;45.3\pm2.8L/hr$, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between two drugs in all pharmacokinetic parameters.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.75-96
• /
• 2023

The purpose of this study is to prepare and present a plan for the elderly service, in which the elderly become service providers and beneficiaries for the elderly who have emerged as the main library users in the face of a post-aged society. As a result of a survey of 119 elderly users of public libraries in the Busan area and an interview with a focus group of librarians at G Library, it was confirmed that the elderly service was needed. The most necessary services in terms of the beneficiaries of the Elderly Services by Elderly were surveyed in the order of computer information search help service, library usage guide service, book search method guide service, and recommended or popular book guide service. In terms of 'Elderly Services by Elderly' providers, the willingness to participate was the highest among those in their 60s, and the preferred method of participation was paid volunteer work three times a week, within four hours a day. Accordingly, it was analyzed that participants were recruited in connection with the social contribution activities of the government employment program for the elderly and prior training was necessary. In addition, the need for the creation of a community space for the elderly and the participation of retired librarians was raised.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.354-377
• /
• 2002

Aging population is a global trend and Korea is no exception. Due to the progress of the medical and scientific sectors, increase in the average lifetime incurred increase in the number of elderly people. Meanwhile, the family function of supporting the elderly has become a major issue in a society due to the changes in the society's structure and increased entry of the women into the workforce. As a means to substitute the protection of the elderly who are not protected at their respective homes and to replace the tending needs, weekly protection centers and short-stay centers for the elderly were established and operated in Seoul since 1992. However, structured and satisfactory services are not yet to be provided, thus this research intends to understand the current situation at the short-stay centers for the elderly, to identify users' characteristics and to conduct study on nursing need for the health reasons so that the results of the research can be utilized as basic data for the development of nursing care program. Towards this end, this research targeted 142 elderly people who were undergoing treatment at the 11 short-stay centers for the elderly out of total of 13 located in Seoul that were willing to cooperate. The research was conducted from April to May 2002, with the measurement tool developed by Rhee, Seon-ja (2001) to measure the level of nursing need. Then data was collected and analyzed using SPSS program. The results are as follows. The general characteristics of users of the short-stay centers for the elderly were: 123 females $(86.6\%)$, 19 males $(13.4\%)$ and 72 elderly were over the age of 80 $(50.7\%)$. Among these, 24$(16.9\%)$ were living by themselves. Among the illnesses that the subjects were inflicted with were: dementia $(54.2\%)$, stroke $(54.1\%)$ and high blood pressure $(50.7\%)$, in the respective order. Despite the fact that they were diagnosed with illnesses, $47.2\%$ responded that they do not undergo special treatment due to financial reasons. When the level of needs for nursing care among the elderly who use the short-stay centers is divided into informational. physical. and emotional need levels and scored between zero to two, the level of emotional need is the highest with 1.80, followed by physical (1.45) and informational (1.44) need levels. As for the realities of services at the centers and improvement areas, restriction on term was cited as the greatest inconvenience with $38.7\%$, followed by lack of budget (24 respondents, $16.9\%$). Wishful services were financial assistance $(46.5\%)$, medical and nursing services $(40.1\%)$, meal provision service $(8.5\%)$ and counseling service $(4.9\%)$, in the respective order. Based on the above mentioned results, the research identified the need to develop nursing program for the patients of dementia that can be applied onto the short-stay centers and the need to develop volunteer service, backed by societal support. Also, placement of specialized cadre of professionals is needed so that medical and nursing service functions can be provided in a complementary manner.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.169-180
• /
• 2010

Purpose: This study was to identify the death recognition, meaning in life, and death attitude of participants in the death education program. Methods: A survey was conducted, and 205 data were collected. Descriptive statistics, ${\chi}^2$-test, ANOVA, and Duncan test were used. Results: 1) The followings were the characteristics of death recognition shown by the participants. Over half of the participants said that they had given some thoughts on their deaths, that they had agreeable view on death acceptance, and that diseases and volunteer works made them think about their deaths. Moreover, suffering, parting with family and concerns for them, etc. were the most common reasons for the difficulty of accepting death. As for 'the person whom I discuss my death with', spouse, friend, and son/daughter were the most chosen in this order. Lastly, the funeral type that most of the participants desired was cremation. 2) The means of meaning in life and death attitude were $2.92{\pm}0.29$ and $2.47{\pm}0.25$, respectively. There were significant differences between health status, meaning in life and death attitude. 3) A significant positive corelationship was found between meaning in life and death attitude (r=0.190, P=0.001). Conclusion: For an effective death education program that would fit each individual's situation, an educational content that can make a person understand the meaning of his or her life and death, includes knowledge to lessen the fear and anxiety of death, and helps a person heal from the loss of a family member is absolutely necessary.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.24-30
• /
• 2019

Purpose: To evaluate the efficiency of the electronic foot function index (eFFI) through a prospective, random based, multi-institutional study. Materials and Methods: The study included 227 patients ranging in age from 20 to 79 years, visited for surgery in different 15 institutes, and agreed to volunteer. The patients were assigned randomly into a paper-based evaluated group (n=113) and tablet-based evaluated group (n=114). The evaluation was done on the day of hospital admission and the method was changed on the second day of surgery and re-evaluated. PADAS 2.0 (https://www.proscore.kr) was used as an electronic evaluation program. Results: There were no differences in age and sex in both groups. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) evaluation revealed an eFFI ICC of 0.924, showing that both results were similar. The evaluation time was shorter in the tablet-based group than the paper-based group (paper vs tablet, $3.7{\pm}3.8$ vs $2.3{\pm}1.3minutes$). Thirty-nine patients (17.2%) preferred to use paper and 131 patients (57.7%) preferred the tablet. Fifty-seven patients (25.1%) found both ways to be acceptable. Conclusion: eFFI through tablet devices appears to be more constant than the paper-based program. In addition, it required a shorter amount of time and the patients tended to prefer the tablet-based program. Overall, tablet and cloud system can be beneficial to a clinical study.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.182-196
• /
• 2002

The purpose of this study was to provide the basic resources for developing a parish nursing program. We did this by investigating what demands were made on the parish nursing service by the parishes or churches under review. The subjects of this study were 96 pastors located throughout the City of Busan. NP (New paragraph) $\gg$ We conducted our research by utilizing a modified version of the study created by Hwang (2000) and by using the help of prior research and professionals gathered from the parish nurse questionnaire by Djupe (1990). The data in this study were collected from July 1 to Oct. 31, 2001, using the questionnaire method. The Data were analyzed by: (a) frequency: (b) percentage: (c) mean: (d) standard deviation, and x^2-test$ with SPSS/PC program. The study has found the follows: 1. For subjects making demands on the parish nursing service, 95.8% were in need of using the services of parish nurses. On the demands of parish nursing service for the subjects, 95.8% the necessity of parish nursing services. And they answered by their intention of asking for parish nursing service practice. 2. Of the subjects under review, 71.9% were part-time workers and 28.1% were full-time employees 71.9% of part time and 28.1% of full times duty. In terms of the method of pay for work, 41.8% were pay free or freelance while 51.2% were on salary. And engagement intention of parish nurse as preacher was 88.5%. 3. The demand for nursing services in various categories were as follows. (a) hospice care: (4.02 1.11), (b) health screening: (3.98 1.09), (c) home visiting: (3.97 1.16), (d) group health education: (3.81 1.12), (e) organization of volunteer groups: (3.75 1.12), (f) individual health education: (3.75 1.14), (g) advice on choosing hospital or hospital consultation: (3.69 1.21) and (h) individual counseling: (3.51 1.31). 4. In terms of the specific services rendered by parish nurses. our study found that services were needed for the following: physical symptom management; preparation before death in spiritual preparation for death, blood pressure check in health examination, home visiting where the patient makes phone call, management of chronic disease in group health education, disease management in individual health education, advice on choosing hospital, or hospital consultation: and physical problems in individual counseling. 5. With respect to whether there was a correlation between what church a pastor came from and the types of demands made, there was NO significant difference found. 6. In relation to the characteristics of the subjects and their church and the hope demands (duty pattern and method of payment and engagement intention of parish nurse as preacher) for parish nurses, these had non significant differences. In conclusion, the perception of parish nursing service is very high. Moreover, we found that there is a great demand for well ordered parish nursing services to promote the health of each congregation. Before doing so, it would be better to make things known and to consider the relevant characteristics shown in the researched results.

• Progress in Medical Physics
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.30-38
• /
• 2004

Purpose: To develop a whole body frame for the purpose of reducing patient motion and minimizing setup error for extra-cranial stereotactic radiotherapy, and to evaluate the repositioning setup error of a patient in the frame. Materials and Methods: The developed whole body frame is composed of a base plate, immobilizer, vacuum cushion, ruler and belts. The dimension of the base plate is 130 cm in length, 50 cm in width and 1 cm in thickness. The material used in the base plate of the frame was bakelite and the immobilizer was made of acetal. In addition, Radiopaque angio-catheter wires were engraved on the base plate for a coordinate system to determine the target localization. The measurement for radiation transmission and target localization is peformed in order to test the utilization of the frame. Also, a Matlab program analyzed the patients setup error by using the patient's setup images obtained from a CCTV camera and digital record recorder (DVR). Results: A frame that is useful for CT simulation and radiation treatment was fabricated. The frame structure was designed to minimize collisions from the changes in the rotation angle of the gantry and to maximize the transmission rate of the Incident radiation at the lateral or posterior oblique direction. The lightening belts may be used for the further reduction of the patient motion, and the belts can be adjusted so that they are not in the way of beam direction. The radiation transmission rates of this frame were measured as 95% and 96% at 10 and 21 MV, respectively. The position of a test target on the skin of a volunteer is accurately determined by CT simulation using the coordinate system in the frame. The estimated setup errors by Matlab program are shown 3.69$\pm$1.60, 2.14$\pm$0.78 mm at the lateral and central chest, and 7.11 $\pm$2.10, 6.54$\pm$2.22 mm at lateral and central abdomen, respectively. The setup error due to the lateral motion of breast is shown as 6.33$\pm$ 1.55 mm. Conclusion: The development and test of a whole body frame has proven very useful and practical in the radiosurgery for extra-cranial cancers. It may be used in determining target localization, and it can be used as a patient immobilization tool. More experimental data should be obtained in order to improve and confirm the results of the patient setup error.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.18 no.10
• /
• pp.163-169
• /
• 2017

The purpose of this study is to present the basic data needed to improve the arts, music, and physical education provided by local child care centers based on an investigation of the current status of and satisfaction with the education. The subjects of this study were 17 local child care centers in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea, and the situation of the arts, music, and physical education programs operated from 2014 to 2016 were examined. In addition, 419 children who received the education were surveyed to evaluate their level of satisfaction. The results of this study are as follows. As regards the status of the arts education from 2014 to 2016, it was observed that three of the 17 local child care centers did not have any arts, music or physical education at all, while six of them continuously implemented all three of these programs during this period of time. Two and six of the 17 institutes had arts, music, and physical education programs for two years and one year, respectively. All of the teachers who ran the arts and music education programs of the 17 institutes were arts and music majors who were certified teachers of the liberal arts. However, the physical education programs were run as volunteer activities by college students majoring in physical education. The survey on the level of satisfaction of the children who participated in the arts, music, and physical education programs showed that they were helpful for the overall life experience of the children and that they were more helpful for the boys than for the girls. The level of satisfaction with the education was high for most of the students who participated in the programs, however the boys were more satisfied than the girls. When asked whether they would participate in the arts, music, and physical education programs again, most of the respondents answered that they would do so. The boys were more likely to participate again than the girls. Based on this study, in order to enhance the creativity and personality education of the children using the local child care centers, higher quality education is needed. Arts and music education can be used to help children to learn to communicate smoothly with their friends. In addition, it seems to be necessary to enhance the education by setting goals that are suitable for its purpose, in order to provide creative arts and music education that contributes to the physical health and emotional stability of the children.

• 한국노년학
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.33-47
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the moderating and mediating effects of social support and social activity on the relationship between depression and quality of life in elderly women living alone. Subjects were 129 elderly living alone at K city in C province, from June to July, 2010. The data was analyzed using the SPSS program for descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression. The degree of depression of elderly living alone was above the average(2.65), and that of quality of life was average(2.80). The correlated factors of quality of life among elderly women living alone included depression(r=-.745, p=.004), social support(r=.544, p=.000), leisure activity(r=.480, p=.024), and economic activity(r=.711, p=.001). Social support was an important mediator between the depression and quality of life in elderly women living alone. The moderating effects of social support and social activity between depression and quality of life in elderly women living alone were not significant. This study suggests that social support considered in enhancing the quality of life programs designed for elderly living alone. Further research needs to be done to refine moderating and mediating effects of social support, social activity including leisure activity, economic activity and volunteer activity.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.154-158
• /
• 1999

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to find the optimum TE value for enhancing $T_2^{*}$ weighting effect and minimizing the SNR degradation and to compare the BOLD effects according to the changes of TE in 1.5T and 3.0T MRI systems. Materials and Methods : Healthy normal volunteers (eight males and two females with 24-38 years old) participated in this study. Each volunteer was asked to perform a simple finger-tapping task (sequential opposition of thumb to each of the other four fingers) with right hand with a mean frequency of about 2Hz. The stimulus was initially off for 3 images and was then alternatively switched on and off for 2 cycles of 6 images. Images were acquired on the 1.5T and 3.0T MRI with the FLASH (fast low angle shot) pulse sequence (TR : 100ms, FA : $20^{\circ}$, FOV : 230mm) that was used with 26, 36, 46, 56, 66, 76ms of TE times in 1.5T and 16, 26, 36, 46, 56, 66ms of TE in 3.0T MRI system. After the completion of scan, MR images were transferred into a PC and processed with a home-made analysis program based on the correlation coefficient method with the threshold value of 0.45. To search for the optimum TE value in fMRI, the difference between the activation and the rest by the susceptibility change for each TE was used in 1.5T and 3.0T respectively. In addition, the functional $T_2^{*}$ map was calculated to quantify susceptibility change. Results : The calculated optimum TE for fMRI was $61.89{\pm}2.68$ at 1.5T and $47.64{\pm}13.34$ at 3.0T. The maximum percentage of signal intensity change due to the susceptibility effect inactivation region was 3.36% at TE 66ms in 1.5T 10.05% at TE 46ms in 3.0T, respectively. The signal intensity change of 3.0T was about 3 times bigger than of 1.5T. The calculated optimum TE value was consistent with TE values which were obtained from the maximum signal change for each TE. Conclusion : In this study, the 3.0T MRI was clearly more sensitive, about three times bigger than the 1.5T in detecting the susceptibility due to the deoxyhemoglobin level change in the functional MR imaging. So the 3.0T fMRI I ore useful than 1.5T.