• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.1218-1222
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• 2007

Under various tunnel fires, smoke average temperature and volume flow rate in a tunnel fire are calculated. To obtain realistic results, enthalpy of smoke which composites combustion gases and entrainment air is calculated from curvefit polynomials by temperature.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.156-167
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• 1996

The present work is a continuation of our previous study to investigate the effects of parameters such as equivalence ratio, hydrogen supplement rate and initial pressure on combustion characteristics in a disk-shaped constant volume combustion chamber. The main results obtained from the study can be summarized as follows. The flames in near stoichiometric mixture of methane-air are propagated with a spherical shape, but in excess rich or lean mixtures are propagated with a elliptical shape. And, they are changed to an unstable elliptical shape flame with very regular cells by increasing the hydrogen supplement rate. Also, flame is sluggishly propagated at increased initial pressure in combustion chamber. Volume fraction of burned gas and flame radius as the combustion characteristics are increased by increasing the hydrogen supplement rate, especially at the combustion middle period, but then are slowly increased by increasing the initial pressure.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.89-94
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• 1998

A study was made to investigate the effects of concerning factors with IGF-I recovery on the final IGF-I concentration in the effluent and to establish recovery conditions of IGF-I using liquid emulsion membranes(LEM). D2EHPA was best carrier among Amberlite LA2, Aliquit 336 and D2EHPA for recovery rate of IGF-I. Recovery rate of IGF-I by D2EHPA volume in the oil phase was increased as increasing D2EHPA volume, and optimal volume of D2EHPA was 5% in this experiment. The recovery rate of IGF-I by D2EHPA was increased by the decreasing from pH 7 to pH 4 of external phase. Therefore, optimal pH value was 4.0. Optimal concentrations of sulfuric acid in internal phase, paraffin oil in oil phase and Span 80 for recovery rate of IGF-I were 0.1M, 2.0% and 5%, respectively, and optimal W/O rate was 2. These results suggested that optimal conditions for recovery of IGF-I were D2EHPA(5%) as carrier, pH 4.0, 0.1M sulfuric acid, 2% paraffin oil, 2.0 W/O rate and 5.0% Span 80.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.157-164
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• 2008

The temperature-entropy diagram of water or vapor displays graphically the thermophysical properties, so it is very conveniently used in various thermal systems. On general T-s chart of water, there are temperature, pressure, quality, specific volume, specific enthalpy, specific entropy. However, various state and process values besides above properties can be plotted on T-s diagram. In this study, we developed the software drawing twenty six kinds of properties, that is temperature, pressure, quality, specific volume, specific internal energy, specific enthalpy, specific entropy, specific exergy, exergy ratio, density, isobaric specific heat, isochoric specific heat, ratio of specific heat, coefficient of viscosity, kinematic coefficient of viscosity, thermal conductivity, prandtl number, ion product, static dielectric constant, isentropic exponent, velocity of sound, joule-thomson coefficient, pressure coefficient, volumetric coefficient of expansion, isentropic compressibility, and isothermal compressibility. Also, this software can analyze and print the system values of mass flow rate, volume flow rate, internal energy flow rate, enthalpy flow rate, entropy flow rate, exergy flow rate, heat flow rate, power output, power efficiency, and reversible work. Additionally, this software support the functions such as MS-Power Point.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.57-65
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• 2016

The port throughput situation has changed since the 2008 financial crisis in the US. Therefore, we studied the situation, accurately estimating port traffic of Korean port after the 2008 financial crisis. We ensured the proper port facilities in response to changes in port traffic. In the results of regression analysis, Korean GDP and the real effective exchange rate of Korean Won were found to increase the container throughput in Korean and Busan port, as well as trade volume with China. Also, the real effective exchange rate of Korean Won was found to increase the port transshipment cargo volume. Based on the ARIMA models, we forecasted port throughput and port transshipment cargo volume for the next six years (72 months), from 2015 to 2020. As a result, port throughput of Korean and Busan ports was forecasted by increasing annual the average from about 3.5% to 3.9%, and transshipment cargo volume was forecasted by increasing the annual average about 4.5%.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.41
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• pp.2.1-2.6
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• 2019

Objectives: This study was aimed to analyze the reducing pattern of decompression on mandibular odontogenic keratocyst and to determine the proper time for secondary enucleation. Materials and methods: Seventeen patients with OKC of the mandible were treated by decompression. Forty-five series of CT data were taken during decompression and measured by using InVivo software (Anatomage, San Jose, Calif) and were analyzed. Results: The expected relative volume during decompression is calculated using the following formula: V(t) = V_initial × exp.(at + 1/2bt²) (t = duration after decompression (day)). There was no significant directional indicator in the rate of reduction between buccolingual and mesiodistal widths. Conclusion: The volume reduction rate gradually decreased, and 270 days were required for 50% volume reduction following decompression of OKC. The surgeon should be aware of this pattern to determine the timing for definitive enucleation. Clinical relevance: The volume reduction rate and pattern of decompression of the OKC can be predicted and clinicians should be considered when treating OKC via decompression.

• Journal of computational fluids engineering
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• v.11 no.4 s.35
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• pp.75-80
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• 2006

Navier-Stokes simulation of the flow in a micro viscous pump is carried out. The micro viscous pump consists of a rotating circular rotor placed in a two dimensional channel. All simulation is carried out by using a finite volume approach, at the Reynolds number of 0.5, to study the performance of the micro viscous pump. Length of channel of the pump is varied to simulate the effects of the pumping load. Numerical solutions show that the net flow of the pump is realized by two counter rotating vortices formed on both sides of the rotor. The volume flow rate of the pump is decreased as length of the channel is increased, while the static pressure difference across the rotor is increased. The static pressure difference across the rotor is observed to be inversely proportional to the volume flow rate as inertia effects are negligibly small. The efficiency of the pump is found to reach a maximum when two counter rotating vortices on both sides of the rotor becomes to merge forming an outer enveloping vortex.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.88-100
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• 2010

This paper investigates the influence of industrial activity volatility and exchange rate volatility on import container volume of the Korea during the 1999:1- 2010:9. Conditional variance from the GARCH(1, 1) model is applied as the volatility. The Johansen multivariate cointegration method and the error correction (general-to-specific) method are applied to study the relationship between import volume and its determinants. The empirical results show that volatility has statistically significant negative effect on import volume.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.127-133
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• 2015

This study identifies the factors improving bread quality by using fermented liquid dough. Fermented liquid dough, the main part of bread dough, contains yeasts that are prepared in order to enhance the fermentation rate. This study investigates the fermentation rate after mixing dough, the pH of dough, loaf volume, water activity, hardness, and sensory properties of loaf bread samples with different amounts of fermented liquid dough. The fermentation rate was slightly higher in the bread samples, the control dough and 10% fermented liquid dough, than in samples with more than 20% dough. The pH values of dough decreased with an increase in the content of fermented liquid dough. The loaf volume of bread with 10% fermented liquid dough was the highest. The water activity of loaf bread increased with an increase in amount of fermented liquid dough. For the sensory evaluation of loaf bread, adding 10% fermented liquid dough improved the loaf volume and evenness of baking. These results suggest that 10% fermented liquid dough increased the fermentation rate and bread quality. Further research is required to enhance internal quality characteristics of loaf bread, including taste and flavor.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.109-115
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• 2017

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of physical properties of fuels on spray characteristics in the gasoline direct injection system. Injection rate, spray visualization, and spray pattern experiments were performed to analyze the spray characteristics of ethanol, gasoline, and ethanol/gasoline blends. We measured injection rate of each fuel via the Bosch method. The spray visualization experiment was also carried out at atmospheric pressure using a high-speed camera. Finally, the average of drop surface area per unit volume was measured using the optical patternator. The experimental results from Bosch method showed that peak injection rate increased when the volume fraction of ethanol increased. In addition, higher viscosity of ethanol than that of gasoline leads to longer injection delay. At the initial injection region before reaching 0.8 ms, the spray tip penetration becomes longer as increasing the volume fraction of ethanol, but reversely shorter after 0.8 ms. It was found that ethanol makes spray angle become larger. The surface area per unit volume of the drop was decreased as the distance from the injection tip or the concentration of the gasoline increased.