• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.300-306
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• 1993

2-Methylbutanoic, 3-methylbutanoic, 4-methylpentanoic, 2-ethylhexanoic, 4-methylhexanoic, 4-methyloctanoic, 6-methyloctanoic, 4-ethylhexanoic. 4-methylhexanoic 및 2-ethylhexanoic acids를 포함하는 다수의 volatile branched-chain fatty acids(VBCFAs)가 쇠고기, 돼지고기, 염소고기(미국산 흰염소고기, 한국산 흑염소고기), 양고기로부터 분리, 동정되었다. 쇠고기 향은 amino acid, carbohydrate, 그리고 lipid의 반응에 의해 생성된 향기성분에 의해 이루어지는 기본 meaty flavor로 결정되어 지는 반면, 염소고기가 양고기의 경우는 쇠고기의 기본향에 4-ethyloctanoic acid와 4-methyloctanoic acid의 독특한 노린내가 더해지므로 염소고기나 양고기 특유의 향을 내었다. 돼지고기는 3-methylbutanoic acid 함량이 다른 세종류에 비해 높고 3-methylbutanoic acid 특유의 꼬린냄새는 돼지고기의 기름층으로부터 나는 unclean flavor 에 중요한 영향을 미치는 것으로 생각된다. 염소고기는 C5-C7 chain length의 volatile branched 및 n-chain fatty acids를 적게 함유하고 있는 반면 4-ethyloctanoc acid는 염소고기의 노린내를 내는 결정적인 화합물이었다. 4-Methyloctanoic acid는 양고기의 sweaty-muttony flavor를 내는 중요한 화합물이었으며 염소고기와는 달리 C5, C6, 그리고 C7 branched-chain fatty acids 도 상당량 함유되어 있었다. 한국산 흑염소고기와 미국산 흰염소고기 중에 들어있는 VBCFAs의 종류는 같으나, 한국산 흑염소고기가 미국산 흰염소고기 보다 노린내가 강하며 4-ethyloctanoic 의 함량도 높았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.523-528
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• 2013

This study investigates the effects of three branched-chain amino acids (BCAA; valine, leucine, and isoleucine) on the in vitro ruminal fermentation of wheat straw using batch cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms. BCAA were added to the buffered ruminal fluid at a concentration of 0, 2, 4, 7, or 10 mmol/L. After 72 h of anaerobic incubation, pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) in the ruminal fluid were determined. Dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradability were calculated after determining the DM and NDF in the original material and in the residue after incubation. The addition of valine, leucine, or isoleucine increased the total VFA yields ($p{\leq}0.001$). However, the total VFA yields did not increase with the increase of BCAA supplement level. Total branched-chain VFA yields linearly increased as the supplemental amount of BCAA increased (p<0.001). The molar proportions of acetate and propionate decreased, whereas that of butyrate increased with the addition of valine and isoleucine (p<0.05). Moreover, the proportions of propionate and butyrate decreased (p<0.01) with the addition of leucine. Meanwhile, the molar proportions of isobutyrate were increased and linearly decreased (p<0.001) by valine and leucine, respectively. The addition of leucine or isoleucine resulted in a linear (p<0.001) increase in the molar proportions of isovalerate. The degradability of NDF achieved the maximum when valine or isoleucine was added at 2 mmol/L. The results suggest that low concentrations of BCAA (2 mmol/L) allow more efficient regulation of ruminal fermentation in vitro, as indicated by higher VFA yield and NDF degradability. Therefore, the optimum initial dose of BCAA for in vitro ruminal fermentation is 2 mmol/L.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.162-167
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• 1994

국내에서 자생하고 있는 광릉쥐오줌풀 및 넓은잎 쥐오줌풀의 지하부에서 지방산, 무기성분 및 휘발성 유기산의 조성을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 광릉 및 넓은잎 쥐오줌플의 조지방질 함량은 $3.7{\sim}4.5%$ 범위 이었고 지방산은 총11종이 동정되었는데 그중 특히 양적으로 많이 함유되어있는 linoleic acid, linolenic acid 및 palmitic acid 등은 산지에 따라 함량차이가 큰 경향을 보였다. 2. 희분함량은 $4.3{\sim}6.3%$ 이었고 무기성분중 많이 검출된 성분으로는 조규소$(SiO_2)$를 위시하여 K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, Mn, Zn등 이었으며, Na, Fe, Zn 및 Cu 는 산지에 따라 함량차이가 큰 경향을 보였다. 3. 광릉 쥐오줌풀로 부터 분리한 산성분획으로 부터 40종의 성분을 확인하였으며 그중 dimethoxy-2-propenoic acid, 3, 4-dimethoxy benzoic acid, 4-methoxy phenyl-2-propenoic acid 이외에도 3-methyl butanoic acid(isovaleric acid), 3-methyl pentanoic acid, 2-methyl butanoic acid 등 branched-chain fatty acid 류가 양적으로 많이 검출되었다.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2013

This study was performed to analyse the concentration of odorous compounds in the piggeries. Piggeries for different types of pigs include piglets, growing pigs, gestating and lactating sows. Slurry from these piggeries was sampled every month for chemical analysis. Short chain fatty acid (SCFA) was 9,862 ppm (piglet), 8,410 ppm (growing pigs), 6,791 ppm (fattening pigs), 3,508 ppm (lactating sows) and 1,687 ppm (gestating sows). Branched chain fatty acid (BCFA) was 1,634 ppm (piglet), 1,206 ppm (growing pigs), 868 ppm (fattening pigs), 493 ppm (lactating sows) and 185 ppm (gestating sows). Concentration of phenols was 209 ppm (piglet), 166 ppm (growing pigs), 127 ppm (fattening pigs), 85 ppm (lactating sows) and 36 ppm (gestating sows). Indoles was 18 ppm (piglet), 14 ppm (growing pigs), 8 ppm (fattening pigs), 6 ppm (lactating sows) and 4 ppm (gestating sows). Altogether, concentration of odorous compounds was decreased as pigs got aged.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권9호
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• pp.1362-1370
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• 2015

This study was performed to investigate the effect of different levels of dietary crude protein (CP) on composition of odorous compounds and bacterial communities in pig manure. A total of 48 male pigs (average initial body weight 45 kg) fed diets containing three levels of dietary CP (20%, 17.5%, and 15%) and their slurry samples were collected from the pits under the floor every week for one month. Changes in composition of odorous compounds and bacterial communities were analyzed by gas chromatography and 454 FLX titanium pyrosequencing systems, respectively. Levels of phenols, indoles, short chain fatty acid and branched chain fatty acid were lowest (p<0.05) in CP 15% group among three CP levels. Relative abundance of Bacteroidetes phylum and bacterial genera including Leuconostoc, Bacillus, Atopostipes, Peptonphilus, Ruminococcaceae_uc, Bacteroides, and Pseudomonas was lower (p<0.05) in CP 15% than in CP 20% group. There was a positive correlation (p<0.05) between odorous compounds and bacterial genera: phenol, indole, iso-butyric acid, and iso-valeric acid with Atopostipes, p-cresol and skatole with Bacteroides, acetic acid and butyric acid with AM982595_g of Porphyromonadaceae family, and propionic acid with Tissierella. Taken together, administration of 15% CP showed less production of odorous compounds than 20% CP group and this result might be associated with the changes in bacterial communities especially whose roles in protein metabolism.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제66권3호
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• pp.493-503
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• 2024

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of low crude protein (CP) level with essential amino acids (AA) addition on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, microbiota, and volatile fatty acid composition in growing pigs. A total of 160 growing pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc [LYD]; average initial body weight 16.68 ± 0.12 kg) were randomly allotted to one of the four treatments on the basis of initial body weight. A randomized complete block design was used to conduct this experiment in the Research Center of Animal Life Sciences at Kangwon National University. There were ten pigs/replicate with four replicates in each treatment. The treatments include; CON (Control, 17.2% dietary CP level), low protein (LP)-1.10 (15.7% dietary CP level + 1.10% lysine level), LP-1.15 (15.7% dietary CP level + 1.15% lysine level), LP1.2 (15.7% dietary CP level + 1.20% lysine level). The pigs fed CON and LP-1.2 diet showed greater final body weight than that of LP-1.1 diet (p < 0.05). Although average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed efficiency did not show any difference in phase 2 and 3, average daily gain and feed efficiency was significantly greater in CON and LP-1.20 in phase 1. However, the average daily feed intake did not show any difference during the experimental period. Isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid composition of LP treatments were lower than CON treatment in phase 2. Total branched chain fatty acid composition was significantly lower in LP treatment in phases 1 and 2. However, there was no significant difference among treatments in phase 3. The results of this study underscore the importance of AA supplementation when implementing a low-protein diet during the early growth phase (16-50 kg) in pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.479-484
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• 2001

The effect of dietary supplementation of sodium salt of isobutyric acid in low protein (10% CP) wheat straw based diet on nutrient utilization and rumen fermentation was studied in ruminally fistulated male crossbred cattle. The study included a 7 day metabolism and a 3 day rumen fermentation trials. The cattle were distributed into two equal groups of 4 each. The animals of control group were fed a basal diet consisting of wheat straw, concentrate mixture and green maize fodder in 40:40:20 proportion whereas branched chain volatile fatty acid (BCFA) supplemented group received a basal diet + isobutyric acid at 0.75 percent of basal diet. The duration of study was 36 days. The feed intake between experimental groups did not differ significantly and the average total DMI (% BW) was 2.01 and $2.28kg\;day^{-1}$ in control and BCFA supplemented diets. The dietary supplementation of BCFA improved (p<0.05) the DM, OM, NDF and cellulose digestibility by 4.46, 6.63, 10.57 and 11.31 per cent over those fed control diet. The total N retention on BCFA supplementation was improved (p<0.01) due to decreased (p<0.05) urinary N excretion. The concentrations of ruminal total N was 37.07 and $34.77mg\;100ml^{-1}$ in control and BCFA fed groups, respectively. Dietary supplementation BCFA significantly (p<0.01) reduced the ruminal ammonia N concentration as compared to control and the mean values ($mg\;100ml^{-1}$) were 13.18 and 9.42 in control and BCFA fed groups. The total VFA concentration was higher (p<0.01) in BCFA supplemented group (101.14 mM) than the control (93.05 mM). Among the VFAs, the molar proportion of acetate was higher (p<0.01) in BCFA supplemented group (71.07 mM) as compared to control (64.98 mM). However, the concentration of propionate and butyrate remained unchanged. Amino acids composition of bacterial hydrolysates was similar in both the groups. Ruminal outflow rate of liquid digesta was higher (p<0.01) in BCFA fed group ($67.56l\;day^{-1}$) than control ($52.73l\;day^{-1}$). It is concluded that the dietary supplementation of Na-salt of isobutyric acid in low protein diet improved the nutrient utilization and ruminal fermentation characteristics.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.252-256
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• 2013

본 연구는 양돈 슬러리의 악취물질 감소에 효과가 있는 것으로 확인된 물질의 효능을 비교분석하기 위하여 수행되었다. 페놀류 농도는 고추냉이와 아몬드피 구에서 낮았고, 인돌류 농도는 아몬드피 구에서 가장 낮았다(p<0.05). 따라서 슬러리에 아몬드피를 첨가하면 VOC 농도가 감소되었다. SCFA 농도는 팽이버섯폐배지와 아몬드피 구에서 높았고, BCFA 농도는 대조구에 비해 다른 모든 처리구에서 낮았다(p<0.05). 또한 슬러리의 pH는 팽이버섯폐배지와 아몬드피 구에서 낮았다(p<0.05). 따라서 팽이버섯폐배지 또는 아몬드피를 슬러리에 첨가하면 SCFA 농도는 증가되고 BCFA 농도는 감소되는 것으로 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.350-353
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• 2005

Effects of sucrose supplement on the pattern of VFA production and microbial protein synthesis in the rumen were examined in sheep consuming basal diet of grass silage (2.5 kg fresh wt/d) that was provided in 24 equal meals each day by an automatic feeder. Four mature wethers were allocated to four experimental treatments in a 4${\times}$4 Latin square design with periods lasting 14 days. The treatments were (1) the basal diet, (2) supplemented with 150 g sucrose and 7.0 g urea, (3) 300 g sucrose and 13 g urea, and (4) 450 g sucrose and 20 g urea given as a continuous intraruminal infusion for 24 h. All infusions were given in 2 litres of aqueous solution per day using a peristaltic pump. The effect of sucrose level on rumen mean pH was significantly linear (p<0.01). There were not significant differences in the concentration of ammonia-N, total VFA and the molar proportions of acetate, propionate and butyrate with the level of sucrose infusion. The molar proportions of isobutyric acid (p<0.05) and isovaleric acid (p<0.001) were significantly reduced when the infused amount of sucrose was increased. The flow of microbial N was linearly (p<0.001) increased with sucrose and urea level. High levels of readily fermentable carbohydrate in a ration reduced the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. It was demonstrated that of the individual fatty acids, only the molar proportion of isovalerate showed a significant negative correlation (R2=$0.3501^{**}$) with the amount of microbial N produced and a significant positive correlation (R2=$0.2735^{**}$) with the efficiency of microbial growth.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.200-205
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• 2001

The effects of dietary supplementation with the sodium salt of isobutyric acid in a low protein (10% CP) wheat straw based diet on nutrient utilization, blood metabolites and growth performance were studied with male crossbred calves. The calves were divided into two equal groups of 6 each. The animals of the control group were fed a basal diet consisting of wheat straw, concentrate mixture and green oat fodder in 40:40:20 proportion whereas BCFA supplemented group received the basal diet+isobutyric acid at 0.75 percent of basal diet. The duration of study was 120 days. The feed intake between experimental groups did not differ significantly and the average total DMI (% BW) was 1.99 and $1.95kg\;day^{-1}$ in control and BCFA supplemented diets. The dietary supplementation of BCFA improved (p<0.01) the DM, OM, CP (p<0.05), NDF and cellulose digestibilities by 8.50, 9.01, 5.39, 17.78 and 18.44 per cent over those fed control diet. The total N retention on BCFA supplementation was improved (p<0.01) due to the decreased (p<0.05) faecal N excretion. The BCFA supplementation did not alter the blood circulatory levels of glucose, total protein, albumin, urea N and amino acids. However after 120 days of experimental feeding a significant (p<0.05) increase in the concentrations of non-esterified fatty acid was observed in control group. The DCP intake and the DCP content of experimental diets was similar in both groups. However, the TDN content of BCFA supplemented diet was significantly (p<0.01) higher (64.35%) than that of control (59.60%). The total live weight gain in BCFA supplemented diet increased by 15.94% over control. The average daily gain and efficiency of feed conversion were also improved in BCFA fed calves by 13.38 and 26.71% respectively, compared to control. It is concluded that dietary supplementation with isobutyric acid improved the digestibility of nutrients and growth performance of calves.