• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.401-409
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• 1994

The use of food frequency questionnaire to estimate dietary intake has become widespread in epidemiologic studies. It has been suggested that knowledge about a person's usual serving size of each food, in addition to consumption frequency, will improve the accuracy of this method. This study was performed to investigate the nutritional status and one sowing sizes of commonly consumed dishes in Korean college women. Intakes of dish or food in 156 college women were measured by 7-day weighed food records in May, 1992 and May, 1993. For each dish or food, variance in one serving size was partitioned into within-person(intraindividual) and between-person(interindividual) components. All nutrient intakes except vitamin A and vitamin C were less adequate. The major dish groups which contributed to the most daily nutrient intakes were boiled rice, bread, fruits, dairy product, and biscuit and snack groups. In more than 50% of dishes, the within-person variation was greater than between-person variation. And the variety and amount of food which was used in one dish were too variable to make standard recipe.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.179-186
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• 2005

This study was conducted to find the gender and age differences in dietary behaviors and food consumption pattern of Korean American adults living in western parts of USA. The structured survey forms and self-administered food frequency questionnaire were used to assess dietary behavior and nutrient intakes. It was found that younger subjects kept their meal time more irregularly and skipped breakfast more often than older subjects due to lack of time. There were significant age differences in skipping meals, kind of skipping meals, and the reasons for skipping meals. Young subjects consumed more American type food while older subjects consumed more traditional Korean food. Nutrient intakes of males' except for the elderly were significantly higher in energy, protein, Fe and P than those of females'. Vitamin A and vitamin C intake were significantly higher in females. Energy ratio of carbohydrate: protein: fat was 56.2 : 16.8 : 27.0. Females consumed more plant food as their dietary sources of protein, fat, Ca and Fe, compared to males. Ca intakes of participants' were below $75\%$ of RDA except for the youngest male and $30\~49$ aged male and females. Futhermore, Ca intake was below $70\%$ after age 50 in both genders. Effective nutrition education program targeting Korean Americans in the community should be developed and implemented to increase Ca consumption.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.281-294
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• 2015

This study was conducted using a self boarding questionnaire survey to investigate body image perception, dietary habits and nutrient intakes according to interest level in health of female university students in Masan area (n=302). The subjects were divided into 2 groups according to interest level in health ('High' group, n=101, 'Low' group, n=201). Body image according to BMI was significantly different regardless of interest level in health (p<0.001). The answer percentage indicated that the purpose of weight control is health, regular use of the scale, and regular exercise were significantly higher in the high group (p<0.05). Nutrient knowledge score (p<0.01) and food frequency score (p<0.001) were significantly higher in the high group (p<0.01). There were no significant differences in nutrient intake, but intake, NAR and INQ of vitamin C were significantly higher in the high group (p<0.001). Nutrition knowledge score (p<0.01), food intake frequency score (p<0.01), and INQ and NAR of vitamin C (p<0.01) were positively correlated with the interest level in health. These results will be useful as a basis for the development of effective nutrition education programs in order to increase interest level in health and apply well in real life what have learned through the correct nutrition knowledge.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.8-13
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• 2001

The purpose of study was to test the hypothesis that three are differences in body size dietary behavior and nutrient intakes of adolescent girls with weight control experience. Cross-sectional survey was carried out with a questionnaire and anthropometric measurements . Subjects were 724 healthy adolescent girls from middle and high schools of urban and rural areas in Inchon and divided into two subgroups with weight control experience. Subjects trying to lose weigh were 25.1% in middle school girls and 47.1% in high school girls. There were significant differences in weight and BMI between weight control experience and non- experienced groups in middle school students. There were significant differences in skipping meals and reason of skipping meals between weigh control experience and non-experience groups which might show that skipping meal was used as a weight loss method among female school students. There was no significant difference in nutrient intakes between weight control experienced and non-experienced groups in middle and high school subjects. these results suggest that nutrition education is necessary for adolescent girls to practice appropriate weigh control strategies including desirable eating habits and adequate intake of nutrients such as energy vitamin A vitamin B$_2$calcium and iron.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.533-546
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• 1996

This study was performed to investigate the effect of breakfast regularity on eating habits, nutritional and health status in adult men and women. Also, eating habites and nutritional status expressed as percentage of recommended energy intake in IB(Irregular Breakfast group) were studied. Proportions of IB in men and women was 23.7% and 31.1%, respectively. In men, IB had irregular mealtime, overeating tendency. Also, they consumed high-fat meat and alcohol more frequently than RB (Regular Breakfast group). Total energy intake showed no significant difference between which two groups. Energy intakes from dinner and alcohol were higher in IB than in RB. Nutrient and food intakes were lower in IB than in RB. Percent body fat of IB was higher than that of RB. Weight, triglyceride and prevalence of fatty liver were higher in IB than in RB. In women, IB had irregular mealtime, and overeating tendency. Also, they had more frequent eating out and alcohol consumption. Total energy intake was lower in IB than in RB. In men, nutrient and food intakes were lower in IB than in RB. But health status showed no significant differences between two groups. In men, energy intakes from alchol and dinner were higher in +RDA group(percentage to recommended energy > 125%) than in other groups of IB. But energy intake from carbohydrate was lower in +RDA group. -RDA group (percentage to recommended energy < 75%) had Ca and vitamin A intake less than RDA. In women, +RDA group had overeating tendency. Also, they had more frequent eating out, high-fat meat, and alcohol consumption than other groups of IB. Energy intakes from dinner, snack and fat were higher in +RDA group. But -RDA group had protein and vitamin A intake less than RDA. From our study, it seemed that breakfast irregularity led to undesirable eating habits and had relation with increase of percent body fat. Breakfast regularity seemed to be very important to maintain a nutritional balance.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.790-797
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• 2007

This study was conducted to evaluate the nutrient intakes and the physical activities of mentally retarded persons (MRPs) accommodated in welfare institutions. A total of 194 cases of MRPs (130 males and 64 females) were surveyed through interviews of the 35 caregivers of the institutions during the period from March 2 to 12, 2005. The mean age of the 2nd degree is the highest, and the duration of institution stay of the 2nd degree is the longest. There were no significant differences in height, weight, but there were still significant differences in BMI by the degree of handicap. The MRPs with the 1st degree handicap consumed less nutrients than the MRPs with 2nd or 3rd degree handicaps, except for vitamins C and E. The mean activity factor was $1.737{\pm}0.422$ meaning 'active'. Among the comparative groups, the activity factor of the 2nd handicap degree MRPs was the highest. Note that the percentage of protein is the lowest in the case of the 1st degree handicap. The intake of the folic acid, in particular, was less than the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) in case of all the MRPs while that of vitamin C, riboflavin and calcium was less than the EAR in case of $65{\sim}80%$ of the MRPs. MRPs with higher activity factors showed higher intakes of most nutrients except vitamin C. MRPs with higher marks in the 'balanced dietary habit' field showed more nutrient intakes. More consumption of vegetables and fruits by the MRPs was recommended. Also, more efficient dietary guidance was recommended for the MRPs.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.837-843
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• 1994

The relationships among physical growth, dietary intakes, and Zn & Cu status were investigated in total of 128 eight-year-old children selected from the primary school in Seoul. The mean weight and height were 28.3Kg and 129.6cm and the average BMI and R hrer index were 16.75 and 129.25. These values were a little higher than the ones for the average Korean children at the same age. The average serum Zn & Cu levels were 109.98$\mu\textrm{g}$/100ml and 84.13$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml. About 2.4% of the subjects had blood Zn level below the normal range and 8.6% had above the normal level. For Cu, about 43% of the subjects fell into the subnormal level. Daily dietary intakes of calorie, protein and ascorbic acid were relatively adequate but Fe, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin were insufficient. Ca and vitamin A intakes were very poor. More than 50% of the subjects onsumed Ca and vitamin A less then 2/3 of RDA. There was no consistant relationship among the serum Zn and Cu levels, growth, and the nutrients intakes. But it was observed that serum Zn contents were higher as consumption of milks, fats and oil groups were high in the serum Zn contents were higher as consumption of milks, fats and oil groups were high in the several BMI groups, and lower in taller and heavier children within the group of 110-119% BMI rate. Therefore, it could be summarized that the Zn status of the children was favorable but the Cu status was inadequate. Serum Zn and Cu levels were found to be related to the overall quality and/or the quantity of diet and physical growth pattern of children.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.952-961
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to compare nutrient intakes and the serum iron status of 74 Food and Nutrition major, and 45 non-major, female students at a university in Incheon. This cross-sectional survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire and the data were analyzed by the SPSS 10.0 program. The nutrient intake data collected from three-day dietary recalls were analyzed by the Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis Program. Anthropometric data and hematological indices of iron in the blood were measured. Average heights, weights, body fat and mid-upper arm circumference of Food and Nutrition major and non-major female students were 160.3 cm, 53.5kg, 25.8%, 23.7cm and 159.8cm, 55.5kg, 28.9%, 24.8cm, respectively. There were significant differences in body fat percentage and mid-upper arm circumference between the major and non-major students. In all subjects, daily dietary intakes of nutrients- except protein, vitarrlin B1, vitamin C and phosphorus - were lower than the Korean RDA. In particular, calcium and iron intakes of all subjects were under 60% of the Korean RDA. Values of RBC (red blood cell) count, Hb (hemoglobin), Hct (hematocrit), MCV (mean cell volume), MCH (mean cell hemoglobin), and MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) of the non-major students were significantly higher compared to those of the major students. The diastolic blood pressure of the major students was negatively correlated with MCV, MCH, TS, and serum iron levels. Triceps skinfold thickness, mid-upper arm circumference and waist-to-hip ratios of the non-major students were negatively correlated with TIBC. Fat intake was positively correlated with RBC, Hb, Hct, and TIBC (total iron binding capacity) in the major students. Vitamin C intake was positively correlated with serum iron in the major students. Carbohydrate intake was positively correlated with Hb, Hct, and MCHC in the non-major students. Niacin and iron intakes were positively correlated with Hb and Hct in the non-major students. Therefore, nutrition education is necessary for female university students to improve nutritional status and to practice optimal nutrition strategies. (Korean J Nutrition 35(9) : 952~961, 2002)

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.479-487
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• 2006

Many epidemiological and observational studies show that distorted body image of normal body weight is widespread among Korean young females. This study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of overweight and underweight of young females and, to compare nutrient intakes, body composition, serum indices (lipids, MDA: Malondialdehyde, TAS : Total Antioxidant Status) with different BMI groups. The subjects were 75 university students in Seoul. We divided the subjects into 3 groups according to their BMI by IOTF guideline (UW: underweight group, BMI < 18.5, NW: normal body weight group; 18.5 $\leq$ BMI < 23.0, OW: overweight group; BMI $\geq$ 23.0). Data on dietary intakes, body compositions and serum indices were obtained in 3 groups. Differences on all of the above variables were assessed by body weight groups. Using IOTF guidelines, the prevalence of overweight and underweight in young females were 23%, 61%, 16% respectively. $\beta$-carotene and vitamin A intake of UW were significantly higher than that of NW (p < 0.05). Fiber intakes of NW was significantly higher than that of W (p < 0.05). But intakes of energy and the other nutrients were not significantly different among BMI groups. Calcium and folate intakes were 75%, 61% of KDRIs. Serum TGs were significantly higher in OW than that of NW, UW (p < 0.05), but level of MDA and TAS were not significantly different. The association of overweight and low intake of $\beta$-carotene and vitamin A may be one of many factors predisposing obese females to a high risk of oxidative stress later in life. This requires urgent nutritional intervention programs involving enough intake of fruit and vegetables, with modification of inappropriate dietary habits.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.741-748
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutritional intake and dietary habits of women divers in Tongyoung area and to support the guideline for the improvement of their dietary life style by a validation of a Computerized Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionaire. Compared to the women at Jeju Island, the Tongyoung divers showed similar heights (154.6 $\pm$ 0.8 cm), weights (53.5 $\pm$ 1.0 kg) and BMIs (23.3 $\pm$0.4) , but they showed especially high levels of body fat (33.8 $\pm$ 0.8) . Their dietary habits showed they usually skipped lunch, but ate too much food at once, which may represent the dietary habits shown by obese people. Over 40% of the divers were taking some nutritious food or complementary food for health, without realizing the efficacy of these foods. The analysis of nutritional intake showed that all of average daily nutrients intakes of those below 50 years were higher than those of the Korean RDA. In the case of those above 50 years, it was shown that the average daily nutrients intakes were also higher than those of the Korean RDA except for energy (94.5%) and calcium (82.1%) . However, some individual divers showed lower nutrients intakes than 75% of RDA for calcium, iron, Vitamin A and Vitamin B$_2$. Also, excessive intakes of phosphorous and sodium could be a dietary problem. There was no correlation between BMI or percentage of body fat and energy, CHO, protein or fat. These results can provide the nutritional information for this special community, women divers, to improve their health.