• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.539-548
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• 2006

In recent years a concern of excessive intakes of vitamins and minerals from various sources is increasing, since there has been a marked increase in production and consumption of vitamin and mineral supplements and fortified foods. The purpose of this study was to assess the maximum exposure of vitamins and minerals from various sources including diet, fortified foods, and health functional foods among Koreans. As a result, the highest exposure group of most vitamins and minerals from diet was adults (30 - 49 years of age) according to 2001 Korean National Nutrition and Health Survey Report. Maximum dietary intakes of vitamin A, $B_1,\;B_2$, C, nicotinamide, calcium, phosphorus and iron were 0.5 - 7 times of the RDA for Koreans, 7th ed. Maximum intakes of vitamins and minerals from fortified foods by adults (20 - 59 years of age) were 8 - 760% of the Korean RDA. In addition, maximum exposure of vitamins and minerals from vitamin mineral health functional foods by middle aged people was 35 - 140% of the upper limits (UL: DRI for Koreans). As a consequence, maximum combined intakes of vitamin $B_6$, vitamin C, calcium, iron and zinc from the above sources including diet, fortified foods and vitamin mineral health functional foods were greater than the UL. These results would be applied for determining the safe upper limits of vitamin and mineral of health functional foods.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.311-324
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• 2011

This study was performed to assess the nutritional status of low income elderly women aged ${\geq}$65 years residing in Gyeongnam Masan (n=124). Nutrition intakes, food intake frequency, and health-related behaviors including smoking, drinking, and exercise were investigated. Nutrition intake was calculated by the 24-hour recall method using CAN-pro (ver. 3.0). Average daily intakes of energy were $1,142.3{\pm}39$ kcal (71.4% of EER) in subjects aged 65~74 years and $1,071.0{\pm}41.7$ kcal (66.9% of EER) in subjects aged ${\geq}$75 years and the subjects consumed energy less than both 75% of estimated energy requirement (EER). The proportions of energy derived from protein, fat, and carbohydrate were 15.4:15.5:70.6 (aged 65~74 years), and 15.3:13.4:70.8 (aged ${\geq}$75). Nutrients consumed at less than estimated average requirements (EARs) were Ca (60.4%), P (98.4%), Zn (91%), vitamin E (48% of adequate intake, AI), vitamin $B_1$ (63.3%), vitamin $B_2$ (54%), niacin (87.7%), vitamin C (62.5%), and folate (50.5%). Especially, the intakes of Ca (58%), vitamin E (41% of AI), vitamin $B_1$ (60%), vitamin $B_2$ (50%), folate (46.5%), and vitamin C (54%) were 75% less than the EAR for people aged ${\geq}$75 years. According to the food intake frequency survey, the intakes of calcium, milk, fruits, and vegetables were very poor. In conclusion, this study suggests that a nutritional support program for elderly women of low socioeconomic class must be provided by the government to improve the quality of remaining life.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.594-608
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• 1998

Comparative studies regarding the nutritional status of 93 home-living elderly people taking free congregate lunch meals(FL) and 87 middle income class elderly people(MI) were performed in Taejon city. Data was obtained from questionaires, anthropometry and interviews for the 24-hour dietary recall of 2 nonconsecutive days during August, 1996. The average age for FL was 75.8 years. The monthly familly income for FL belonged to the low-income class. FL females had lower heights and weights than MI females. The average daily nutritional intake of both FL and MI were low, particularly in FL whose %RDA of energy was 68.5%, protein 65%, Ca 29.6%, Fe 50.8%, vitamin A 34.5%, vitamin E 30.5%, riboflavin 40.6%, vitamin C 76.9%. MI's %RDA of energy was 76.4%, protein 80.a2%, Ca 48.1%, Fe 78.6%, vitamin A 67.3%, vitamin E 117.4%, riboflavin 45.6%, vitamin C 136.5%. Comsumption of Zn, vitamin $B_6$ and folic daily average. There was no nutrient having average INQ(Index of nutritional quality) over 1 for either group. The INQs for protein, Ca, Fe and vitamin A were 0.802, 0.377, 0.625 and 0.296 in FL, and 0.900, 0.601, 0.784 and 0.602 in MI, respectively. The MAR(Mean adequacy ratio) was low with the value of 0.500-0.518 in FL and 0.630-0.723 in MI. The percentage of main nutrients from lunch was the highest among the three meals for FL males, while that from breakfast was the highest for MI. Free lunches taken by FL supported higher percentages of main nutrients than home-lunches taken by MI. Eating-out was done more frequently by MI than by FL and that eating-out brought them more nutritional intake. The above data indicated that the dietary nutritional intake status of the FL elderly was very poor in both quantity and quality and that free congregate lunch significantly contributed to the daily nutrient-intake for the FL elderly.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fashion and Beauty
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• v.2 no.3 s.3
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• pp.36-43
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• 2004

This is a research on the effect of formula containing of vitamin A and vitamin E(Frie of oil, Wlter Bouhon GmBH, Germany) on the strech mark. The participants of this study were 20 women at the age of early 20s through middle 20s, who had strech marks that had been over 1 year at the minimum and at less than 5 years at the maximum. Formula containing of vitamin A and vitamin E was applied with typical massage to strech marks for 4 months and twice per day. Improvement resulting from the application was evaluated through observation with the naked eye, questionnaire survey, and the equipment used was DermaScan C Ver3(Cortex Technology, Denmark). The experiment showed that parts cared with formula containing of vitamin A and vitamin E had less strech marks than those control site(treated with jojoba oil).In around 2 months since the use of the formula containing of vitamin A and vitamin E, the tensile of the skin increased and deep wrinkles on the chapped surface became unclear, and in around 4 months the tensile force again decreased and the resilience of the skin increased, and the ultrasonic image showed the decrease of echo pore-zone, which indicates the degree of tissue damage. According to the result of the questionnaire survey, strech marks of less than red strech marks of primary stage were improved more quickly than white strech marks and all participants appeared to experience improvement. The result shows that if this formula is used continuously over 4 months, it reduces strech marks and increase the resilience of the skin. It is considered necessary to continue objective measuring and research concerning strech marks.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.201-206
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• 1998

This study was conducted to determine the changes in the contents of vitamin C and reducing sugars of wheat flour and glutinous rice pastes added Kimchi during fermentation. Kimchi was fermented at 10$^{\circ}C$ for 14 days. Sensory evaluation of various Kimchi samples were also conducted. During fermentation, pH decreased in the order of wheat flour paste added Kimchi (WHFP-Kimchi), glutinous rice paste added Kimchi (GLRP-Kimchi) and control. Total acidity increased in the same order The contents of total vitamin C of all Kimchi samples decreased. Total reducing sugar contents of Kimchi juices from various samples decreased in the order of WHFP-Kimchi, GLRP-Kimchi and control. In sensory evaluation, the red color of Kimchi juice decreased in the order of control>WHFP-Kimchi>GLRP-Kimchi. Off flavor decreased control>WHFP-Kimchi>GLRP-Kimchi. Firmness decreased control> GLRP-Kimchi>WHFP-Kimchi. Sour tate decreased WHFP-Kimchi>Control>GLRP-Kimchi. But there were no significant difference in crispiness, ans salty taste. Overall prefernce decreased GLRP-Kimchi>control>WHFP-Kimchi.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.258-271
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• 1987

This survey of 527 children, aged 4 to 6 years, focused on family and dietary environment, nutritional status and personality. It was conducted from June to October, 1986. The results showed that 68.0%(breakfast)and 55.4% (evening meal ) of the subjects indicated they had meals with the family everyday. Analysis of the nutritional status children showed all nutrient intake except protein an diron was insufficient compared with RDA. Carbohydrate provided 58.3% of total calorie intake ; protein accounted for 15.7% . fat provided 26.0%. There was a positive relation between income and nutrient intake. Children with employed mothers showed lower nutrient intake than children with unemployed mothers. Food attitude was positively related to nutrient intake, nutrient intake of children with good eating behavior was higher than that of children had poor eating behavior . Activity level had a significant correlation with intake of calories, fat, vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$, and Vitamin B$_2$. Mood was correlated with intake of protein, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B$_2$ and vitamin C.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.1689-1694
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate both fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamin contents of commercial powdered infant formula for obtaining basic data on infant nutrition. Ten commercial infant formula based on cow's milk were collected and the contents of fat-soluble vitamins (vitamin A, D, E, K) and water-soluble vitamins (vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, $B_6$, folate, $B_{12}$, pantothenic acid, biotin) were compared with Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs). The overall vitamin contents in 100 g and in 100 kcal of infant formula satisfied the recommended formula regulation (KDRIs) and Codex. In infant formula during 0-5 monthly age, fat-soluble vitamin A, D, E, K could supply 178.6%, 205.3%, 208.4%, 976.3% of adequate daily vitamin intakes, respectively. Water soluble vitamins, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, $B_6$, folate, $B_{12}$, pantothenic acid, biotin could supply 173.2%, 237.2%, 269.8%, 295.9%, 431.6%, 165.8%, 1186.3%, 203.8%, 408.3% of adequate daily vitamin intakes, respectively. In infant formula during 6-11 monthly age, all vitamins satisfied their adequate daily intakes as well. Vitamin A, D, E, K supplied 199.2%, 262.3%, 220.5%, 626.46% of adequate daily vitamin intakes. Vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, $B_6$, folate, $B_{12}$, pantothenic acid, biotin could supply 179.5%, 210.2%, 264.7%, 241.5%, 206.0%, 166.9%, 699.5%, 247.0%, 475.0% of adequate intake of KDRIs. From this study, evaluation of vitamin contents of commercial infant formula was established, which could strengthen the basic information on infant nutrition.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.67-72
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• 2004

Red peppers(Capsicum annuum L.), 'Geumtap' and 'Bugang', were cultivated at main producing areas in Korea, and harvested 4 times in 1998 and 1999. The relationships between internal qualities such as reducing sugar, capsaicinoids, and vitamin C contents, and regional climatic elements such as total accumulated air temperature, total amount of precipitation and sunshine duration during the fruit growing periods were compared. The amount of reducing sugar increased as the harvest time was late. Capsaicinoids content varied by harvest dates and cultivated years. Vitamin C content was influenced by cultivated year more than cultivars. Reducing sugar content showed a negative relationship with total amount of precipitation but showed a positive relationship with sunshine duration. There were negative relationship between the contents of capsaicinoids and vitamin C and total amount of precipitation.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.577-587
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• 2012

This study was conducted to determine the effects of supplementing herbaceous peat preparation and vitamin C in order to find out its effects on immunity and growth performance in Holstein calves. Twenty Holstein calves ($39.3{\pm}4.21kg$ average initial body weight) were allocated into four treatments by completely randomized design. Dietary treatments included: 1) control (Basal diet), 2) treatment 1 (control +5% herbaceous peat), 3) treatment 2 (control+10g vitamin C) and 4) treatment 3 (control+10g herbaceous peat+10g vitamin C). The duration of the experiment was 38 days in this experiment, and blood metabolism, dry matter intake, body weight and diarrhea frequency were investigated. For blood metabolism, white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils (NE), lymphocytes (LY), and red blood cells (RBC) did not show any significant differences among treatments. Average daily gain and feed conversion were highest in T1 group feeding with the herbaceous peat preparation compared to the control groups and diarrhea frequency showed lowest in T3 group. Overall results of the present experiment indicated that dietary supplementation with herbaceous peat influenced positively on growth performances in Holstein calves.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.823-832
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• 1993

This study was made to determine alleviating effects of vitamin C(Vt C) on the gramoxone toxicity in rats with respect to the growth gain, feed effeciency ratio, total lipid contents, lipid peroxication and protein patterns in rat liver. Growth gain, feed efficiency ratio and liver weight in the gramoxone group were decreased significantly as compared with the control group, while those values obtained in the gramoxone-Vt C group were increased as compared with the gramoxone group. Lipid contents and TBA value of rat liver of the gramoxone group were increased significantly as compared with the control group. However, those values of the gramoxone+Vt C group were decreased as compared with the gramoxone group. No significant differences were observed in the liver protein patterns between the gramoxone and the control group. The contents of liver protein were decreased significantly in the gramoxone group fed for 2 weeks as compared with the control group. The change of the liver protein patterns, such as the decrease of high molecular weight protein and the increase of low molecular weight protein were observed in the gramoxone+Vt C group.