• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.157-165
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine differences in the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency between male and female Korean adolescents and to investigate gender-specific factors associated with vitamin D deficiency. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study included 975 adolescents aged 12-18 years who participated in the fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010~2011). Multiple logistic regression using complex sample analysis was performed to examine gender-specific factors associated with vitamin D deficiency with adjustments for covariates. Results: Among the participants, 82.9% had vitamin D deficiency. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was higher among female adolescents (88.4%) than their male counterparts (78.4%). A rural place of residence (OR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.19~0.87; p=.021) and daily milk intake (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.07~0.75; p=.015) were significant factors significantly associated with vitamin D deficiency in males, while body mass index (OR, 8.40; 95% CI, 1.05~67.04, p=.045) and having breakfast (OR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.10~0.49; p<.001) showed significant relationships in females. Conclusion: The results of this study provide preliminary evidence for developing effective strategies to prevent vitamin D deficiency in Korean adolescents. The different factors influencing vitamin D deficiency in males and females should be considered when providing interventions.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.378-386
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to assess the association of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and vitamin D and urine microalbumin (MA) in Korean adults. The study subjects were Korean adults 20 years or older (n=4,948). A covariance test adjusted for covariates was performed for urine MA levels in relation to vitamin D status (vitamin D deficiency, vitamin D insufficiency, vitamin D sufficiency). The key study results were as follows: First, in subjects without MetS, after adjusting for related variables (age, gender, smoking, drinking, regular exercising, wast measurement, body mass index, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, and glomerular filtration rate), vitamin D levels were inversely associated with Log-MA levels (p<0.001). Second, in subjects with MetS, after adjusting for related variables, vitamin D levels were not associated with Log-MA levels (p=0.892). In conclusion, vitamin D was inversely associated with urine MA levels in Korean adults without MetS, but not in Korean adults with MetS.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.231-240
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was intended to examine the seasonal differences in outdoor activity times and dietary vitamin D intakes, and explicates their relative impact on improving serum 25-(OH) vitamin D status among Korean young women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 135 free-living women aged 19-39 years in Daegu-Kyungbook, Korea. We compared the results from 52 women for the summer and 83 women for the winter. Dietary intake of vitamin D was assessed by 24 hour recall method for non-consecutive three days as well as by food frequency method. Daily outdoor activity times were derived from 24 hour physical activity diary. Results: The average dietary intake of vitamin D of the participants by 24 hour recall method was 3.1 ${\mu}g$ during the summer, 3.3 ${\mu}g$ during the winter, showing no significant difference between the two seasons. Times spent on outdoor activities (p < 0.01) in the summer (= $23.8{\pm}23.6$ min) were much longer than that in the winter (= $10.8{\pm}13.4$ min). The serum 25-(OH) vitamin D levels of participants were $17.5{\pm}7.5$ ng/mL in the summer and $13.4{\pm}4.3$ ng/mL in the winter, showing that the latter was significantly lower than that of the former (p<0.001). The serum 25-(OH) vitamin D levels of subjects were positively related to outdoor activities (r=0.315, p<0.05) during the summer, while related to dietary intake (r=0.252, p<0.05) during the winter. Conclusions: In order to improve the current vitamin D status of Korean young women, nutrition education programs should focus on increasing more dietary intake especially during the winter, and performing more outdoor activities in other seasons.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.127-135
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• 2007

Components of cholesterol, glucose, minerals (selenium, Ca, p) and vitamin E in blood and milk were collected and analyzed weekly after calving from a total of 78 Holstein cows. In this study, we examined changes of chemical components, correlations among them, and factors affecting the changes. The results were summarized as follows; 1 Average levels of components in blood during 9 weeks after calving were 178.8 mg/dl, 62.3 mg/dl, 8.9 mg/dl, 7.4 mg/dl, 52.2 ng/ml, $10.3{\mu}g/ml$, 16.3 mg/dl, 15.3 ng/dl, and 15.8 mg/dl for cholesterol, glucose, Ca, P, selenium, vitamin E, BUN (blood urea nitrogen), MSe (milk selenium), and MUN (milk urea nitrogen), respectively. 2. The levels of cholesterol, glucose selenium, vitamin E and MSe tended to increase over time after calving. 3. The estimated correlations among components were negative(-) for cholesterol and p, positive for selenium, and BUN and also positive for BUN and MUN. Glucose showed positive correlations with P and MSe. 4. For factors influencing the changes of components, there were significant differences in glucose and selenium for age, in selenium and vitamin E for parity, in glucose and MSe for milk and in all components except Ca and selenium for feeding grass and hay, respectively. In urea nitrogen, age and parity only showed significant difference in MUN. In conclusion, the results were suggested that changes of blood and milk components depend on feeding during the postpartum. Especially, we could ascertain that selenium in blood and milk is the important factor for the dairy cows after parturition.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.3133-3138
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• 2010

The electrochemical properties of the liposoluble vitamin $K_1$ adsorbed on bare and lipid coated glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) were studied in unbuffered and well buffered aqueous media. The reduction products of vitamin $K_1$ were characterized by employing cyclic voltammetry and the in situ UV-visible spectroelectrochemical technique. The radical species of vitamin $K_1$ cannot be observed at the bare GCEs in well buffered media. The formation of the anion radical of vitamin $K_1$ was observed in unbuffered solutions above pH 5.9 or at the lipid coated GCE in a well-buffered solution. UV-visible absorption bands of neutral vitamin $K_1$ were observed at 260 nm and 330 nm, and a band corresponding to the anion radical species was observed at 450 nm. The derivative cyclic voltabsorptometric (DCVA) curves obtained for electrochemical reduction of vitamin $K_1$ confirmed the presence of both neutral and anion radical species. The anion radical of vitamin $K_1$ formed at the hydrophobic conditions with phosphatidylcholine (PC) lipid coated electrode was stable enough to be observed in the spectroelectrochemical experiments.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.322-331
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• 2002

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of vitamin $B_{6}$ intake by normal term delivery pregnant women on the concentration of vitamin $B_{6}$ in the material plasma, the umbilical cord plasma, and the placental tissue. Dietary intake data were obtained from a semi-quantitative frequency questionnaire. The daily mean energy and protein intakes were 2189.5 kcal (93.2% of RDA) and 79.3 g (113.3% of RDA), respectively. The average daily vitamin $B_{6}$ intake was 1.7 mg (91.4% of RDA) for the pregnant women. Their main sources of vitamin $B_{6}$ were cereal & starch (50%), and vegetables & fruits (33%). The pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) concentration of the maternal plasma, the umbilical cord plasma, and the placenta were 16.7 $\pm$ 4.1 nmol/1, 61.3 $\pm$ 19.8 nmol/l and 898.6 $\pm$ 159.2 ng/g, respectively. The PLP level was the highest in the placenta. The PLP level of the maternal plasma was significantly lower than the of the umbilical cord plasma (p < 0.001). The PLP level of maternal plasma correlated positively with that of the placenta (p < 0.0001) and the umbilical cord plasma (p < 0.05). Also the PLP level of the placenta correlated positively with that of the umbilical cord plasma (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that the vitamin $B_{6}$ nutritional status of the fetus is affected by placental vitamin $B_{6}$ levels, and that the placental vitamin B$_{6}$ levels reflect the maternal vitamin $B_{6}$ status. The umbilical cord plasma PLP level showed a positive correlation with the gestational length (p < 0.05). A negative association was observed between the PLP level showed of the umbilical cord plasma and the pregnancy weight gain (p < 0.03). The results suggest that the transfer of PLP from maternal plasma to the placental tissue could be an active transport, white the transfer of PLP from the placenta to the fetus is by means of simple diffusion. Thus, neonatal vitamin $B_{6}$ nutrition is influenced by the maternal nutritional status.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.343-355
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• 2013

This study analyzed the dietary habits and nutrient intake status of adult drinkers in Korea. Alcohol drinking patterns were obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Among 4,968 persons, 91.5% were drinkers. Classification of their drinking patterns by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) score showed 64.5% of the drinkers were normal drinkers, 22.4% problem drinkers and 13.2% alcohol-dependent drinkers. Overall, 47% of the drinkers were considered alcohol-dependent in the Rapid Alcohol Problems Screen (RAPS4). Significant differences were found between those who abstained from alcohol (86.8%) and alcohol-dependent drinkers (68.9%); when asked about breakfast habits 73.4% of non-drinkers often had family meals, while only 55.4% of the alcohol-dependent drinkers had family meals. Dietary energy, alcohol energy, and total energy intake significantly increased for the alcohol-dependents (P<0.001). In addition, the intake of eight nutrients (protein, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, niacin, calcium, phosphorous and iron), significantly increased in the following order (least to highest): abstainers, normal drinkers, drinkers with a moderate addiction to alcohol and alcohol-dependent drinkers (P <0.05). Nutrient Adequacy Ratios (NAR) of all nutrients, except vitamin C, and the Mean nutrient Adequacy Ratio (MAR) significantly increased in the following order (least to highest): abstainers, normal drinkers, drinkers with a moderate addiction to alcohol and alcohol-dependent drinkers (P<0.05). The intake of vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, and niacin per 1,000 kcal, according to drinking pattern, decreased in the order of abstainers, normal drinkers, drinkers with a moderate addiction to alcohol, and alcohol-dependent drinkers (P<0.001). The above results show that the nutrient intake of normal drinkers, drinkers with a moderate addiction to alcohol, and alcohol-dependent drinkers are higher than abstainers. However, overall intake of vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, and niacin per 1,000 kcal was low. Therefore it is necessary to increase vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, and niacin intake for drinkers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.500-506
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• 2006

An experiment was conducted with twenty crossbred male calves (7-15 days old) divided into 4 different experimental groups on the basis of body weights to study the effect of vitamin E supplementation on the serum ${\alpha}$-tocopherol concentration and immune response of the calves. All the calves were fed on milk and calf starter up to 13 weeks and afterwards, they were fed on concentrate mixture and oat hay up to 32 weeks of age. In addition, the calves in groups I, II, III and IV were supplemented with 0, 125, 250 and 500 IU feed grade DL-${\alpha}$-tocopheryl acetate, respectively. Blood samples were collected at 0 day and subsequently at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 months of age to monitor the serum ${\alpha}$-tocopherol concentration in crossbred calves. After 24 weeks of experimental feeding, 4 animals from each group were intramuscularly inoculated with single dose (3 ml) of Haemorrhagic septiceaemia (Pasteurella multocida P52 strain) oil adjuvant vaccine. The cumulative group mean serum ${\alpha}$-tocopherol concentration (${\mu}g/100ml$) was 88.12, 210.11, 235.21 and 294.02 in-groups I, II, III and IV, respectively and differed significantly (p<0.001) among the four groups. Lymphocyte stimulation indices (LSI) did not differ among the groups significantly. The pooled mean ELISA antibody titer against Pasteurella multocida (P52 strain) was 788.02, 926.85, 1,214.00 and 1,109.51 for group I, II, III and IV, respectively, which indicated higher antibody titer in groups supplemented with vitamin E as compared to the control group. It may be concluded that vitamin E supplementation increased the ${\alpha}$-tocopherol concentration in serum and dietary supplementation of vitamin E at higher level has a humoral immune enhancing effect against killed bacterial antigen.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.3391-3396
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• 2014

Background: Vitamin D has been suggested as one of the critical factors for female reproductive health with protective activities against different cancers but there are conflicting facts regarding its role on breast cancer without any clear data on premenopausal cases. This study aimed to evaluate the role of vitamin D from dietary sources and sunlight exposure on the incidence of premenopausal breast cancer. Materials and Methods: We conducted a case control study on 60 newly diagnosed premenopausal breast cancer patients and 116 normal women who lived in Sabzevar and surrounding villages in Razavi, Khorasan, a rural and conservative area of Iran. Results: The mean concentrations of 25-OH vitamin D in cases and controls were $15.2{\pm}8.15$ vs $15.5{\pm}7/45ng/ml$, both well below normal values elsewhere. In fact 50% of analyzed individuals showed very severe or severe vitamin D deficiency and the rest (25%) were detected in suboptimal levels. Although the lack of vitamin D and calcium supplementation increased slightly the risk of premenopausal breast cancer (p=0.009, OR=1.115, CI 95%=1.049-1.187), higher prevalence of weekly egg consumption (86.66% vs 96.55%, p=0.023, OR=0.232, CI 95% 0.065-0.806) showed a slight protective role. The last but the most important risk factor was lack of sunlight exposure because the breast cancer patients had total body coverage from sun (p=0.007, OR=10.131, CI 98% 0.314-78.102). Conclusion: This study pointed out the role of vitamin D and other possible risk factors on the development and growth of breast tumors in this special geographical region. Although this study has revealed the interactions between hormonal and environmental factors in this province of Iran, understanding the deficiency pattern and its contribution to other lifestyle factors elsewhere is also necessary.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.13-17
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of taurine and vitamin E on sperm characteristics damaged by bromopropane (BP) in pig. We evaluated toxicity of BP on viability, membrane integrity and mitochondrial activity of spermatozoa. 1-BP (0, 2.5, 5.0, 10, and $50{\mu}M$), 2-BP (0, 2.5, 5.0, 10, and $50{\mu}M$), taurine (0, 5.0, 10, and $25{\mu}M$) and vitamin E (0, 50, 100, and $200{\mu}M$) were treated in fresh boar semen for 6 h. 10 and $50{\mu}M$ of 1-BP and 2-BP inhibited sperm viability, membrane integrity and mitochondrial activity in fresh boar semen (P<0.05). $25{\mu}M$ of taurine increased sperm viability and membrane integrity (P<0.05), $100{\mu}M$ of vitamin E enhanced viability and mitochondrial activity of sperm (P<0.05). Finally, $10{\mu}M$ of 1-BP and 2-BP was co-treated with taurine ($25{\mu}M$) and vitamin E ($100{\mu}M$) in the fresh boar semen. The co-treated samples did affected viability, membrane integrity and mitochondrial activity of sperm. In conclusion, taurine and vitamin E can improve and maintain sperm quality in fresh boar semen.