• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.313-320
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• 2008

Efficiency of a far-infrared radiation (FIR) dryer for drying of citrus by-products (CBPs) was evaluated through their antioxidant activities. The CBPs dried through FIR were enzymatically digested by six carbohydrases (AMG, Celluclast, Pectinase, Termamyl, Ultraflo and Viscozyme) to prepare digests for evaluation of the activities. The total polyphenolic and total flavonoid contents of the digests were determined by colorimetric assays. The AMG digest was selected for the further experiments. The antioxidant potential of the digests were evaluated by DPPH, superoxide, hydroxyl and alkyl radical scavenging activities, $H_2O_2$ scavenging activity, metal chelating, lipid peroxidation inhibition and the reduction of DNA damage. The AMG digest from CBPs dried through FIR at $50^{\circ}C$ showed strong antioxidant activities in DPPH, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, alkyl and metal chelating assays while all the digests showed strong lipid peroxidation activities. Further, enzymatic digests showed remarkable inhibitory activities against $H_2O_2$-induced DNA damage. Hence, the data obtained using different in vitro models clearly established the antioxidant potential of enzymatic digests from CBPs dried through FIR. Furthermore, they can be used as a source of natural antioxidants; hence, far-infrared radiation drying is a viable method for transforming wet CBPs into a dried form without destroying the bioactive components.

• ALGAE
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.343-350
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• 2011

Fermentation and enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) improve nutritional and functional properties of foods by increasing the extraction of active compounds, ingestion rates, and body absorption. In this study, we investigated whether applying the EAE process improves the extraction and isolation efficiency of a polysaccharide from fermented Ecklonia cava (FE), which inhibited NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells. The results showed that the FE using the fungi Candida utilis and two different bacteria, namely Lactobacillus brevis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased protein and carbohydrate contents in comparison with those in non-fermented E. cava (NE). Aqueous extracts of fermented E. cava increased extraction yields and carbohydrate content, compared with the aqueous extract of NE. In addition, treating LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells with aqueous extracts resulted in reduced NO production compared to that in LPS-treated cells. Ten EAEs of L. brevis-fermented E. cava (LFE) improved NO inhibitory effects in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells and the Viscozyme extract (VLFE) from the resulting extracts showed the highest NO inhibitory effect. We found that the >30 kDa fraction of VLFE led to markedly high inhibition of LPS-induced NO production as compared to that in the <30 kDa fraction. The crude polysaccharide isolated from >30 kDa fraction (VLFEP) consisted of fucose and markedly decreased NO production induced by LPS stimulation. VLFEP could be useful as an anti-inflammatory agent to suppress macrophage activation.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.297-304
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• 2012

Pylaiella littoralis was collected in the Chuuk lagoon of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). The FSM has a variety of coral reef ecosystems, which provide essential materials, such as minerals, vitamins, essential amino acids, for marine organisms. In this study, the antioxidant activities of ethanol and enzymatic extracts of P. littoralis were evaluated by measuring their scavenging activities on DPPH free radical, Alkyl radical, hydroxyl radical and cell viability. The enzymatic extracts were hydrolyzed to prepare water soluble extracts by using five carbohydrate degrading enzymes (AMG, Celluclast, Termamyl, Ultraflo, and Viscozyme) and five proteases (Alcalase, Flavourzyme, Kojizyme, Neutrase, and Protamex). As a result, the enzymatic extracts prepared by Flavourzyme, Ultraflo, and Kojizyme exhibited the greatest effects in DPPH free radical, alkyl radical scavenging activity and cell viability. Also, these enzymatic extracts had a higher antioxidant effect then commercial antioxidants in DPPH free radical and Alkyl radical scavenging activity. This study suggests that P. littoralis might be a useful source of natural antioxidants for the development of dietary supplements.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.658-664
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• 2004

To find a new utilization of rice bran, nine higher fungi were examined for the production of exo-biopolymer with macrophage stimulating activity from rice bran. Among the exo-biopolymers produced from submerged cultures, Lentinus edodes showed the highest activity, followed by Grifola frondosa, Schizophyllum commune, and Coriolus versicolor. L. edodes also had the most potent macrophage stimulating activity in a liquid culture rather than in a solid culture. In order to improve rice bran utilization and the yield of exo-biopolymer with macrophage stimulating activity, the treatment of Rapidase effectively increased the macrophage stimulating activity (about 30% increase), whereas the other enzymes (Econase, Viscozyme, Ultraflo, Celluclast, and Thermylase) treatments did not increase the macrophage stimulating activity. Exo-biopolymer with macrophage stimulating activity from L. edodes contained mainly neutral sugars (58.7%) with considerable amounts of uronic acid (32.2%) and a small amount of proteins (9.1%). Component sugars of exo-biopolymer consisted of mainly arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, and xylose (0.95:0.81:0.96:1.00:0.39, respectively). When the exo-biopolymer was treated with $NaIO_4, NaClO_2$, and pronase, the $NaClO_2$ treatment and pronase digestion had little effect, whereas $NaIO_4$ oxidation significantly decreased the macrophage stimulating activity (47.6% reduction at $100\mug/ml$). Therefore, the carbohydrate moiety in exo-biopolymer from L. edodes plays an important role in the expression of the macrophage stimulating activity.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.26-35
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• 2010

In our previous study, we preliminarily demonstrated that Celluclast and Neutrase extracts exhibited the strongest $H_2O_2$-scavenging activities among five carbohydrases (Viscozyme, Celluclast, Termamyl, Ultraflo and AMG) and five proteases (Kojizyme, Alcalse, Flavourzyme Protamex and Neutrase) extracts. Thus, Celluclast and Neutrase extracts were selected for use in further experiments and were separated into four different molecular weight fractions (<5, 5-10, 10-30 and >30 kDa). Among them, the 5-10 kDa fraction showed the highest $H_2O_2$-scavenging activity. The 5-10 kDa fraction also strongly enhanced cell viability against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative damage. Furthermore, the fraction reduced the proportion of apoptotic cells induced by $H_2O_2$, as demonstrated by decreased sub-G1 hypodiploid cells and decreased apoptotic body formation by flow cytometry. These results indicated that the 5-10 kDa fraction of the Celluclast and Neutrase extracts from S. coreanum exhibited strong antioxidant activity over $H_2O_2$-mediated cell damage in vitro.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.672-681
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activities of enzymatic digests from citrus by-products (CBPs) prepared by high speed drying (HSD). HSD needs a short time (60 min) for drying and can be used in a commercial scale. Enzymatic digests were prepared from the CBPs using 6 enzymes such as aminoglucosidase (AMG), celluclast, pectinex, termamyl, ultraflo, and viscozyme. Antioxidant activities of AMG digest from CBPs were evaluated by different in vitro models such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl, alkyl, $H_2O_2$ scavenging, metal chelating, lipid peroxidation, and comet assays, and exhibited strong activities. The antioxidant compounds were detected by an high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled on-line to an 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid ($ABTS^+$) scavenging detection system, and found that hesperidin was the key compound. Therefore, the results obtained in this study suggest that HSD is an effective method to transform wet CBPs into dried form, and CBPs are potential source of natural antioxidant.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.197-206
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• 2021

Marine brown seaweeds are a source of functional ingredients with various biological properties. They have been used in the food and functional food industries. Brown seaweeds are divided into three parts of blades, stipe, and root. Normally seaweed blades were used as raw materials for biological research. However, there are limited uses on stipes of Ecklonia maxima (E. maxima) depending on the physicochemical, nutritional, and biological properties. Besides, the comparative studies of two structures of E. maxima, blades and stipe didn't discover previously. This study aimed to compare the potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the two structures of E. maxima, blades and stipe in vitro studies to increase the utilization of the two structures of E. maxima. The enzyme-assisted hydrolysate from E. maxima showed significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Among them, celluclast-assisted hydrolysate from E. maxima blades (EMBC) and viscozyme-assisted hydrolysate from E. maxima stipe (EMSV) expressed significant protection on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Moreover, EMBC and EMSV treatment remarkably reduced nitric oxide production by downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expressions in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. Especially EMBC showed strong inhibition on pro-inflammatory cytokine production compared to EMSV. Taken together research findings suggest that EMBC and EMSV possessed potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and may be utilized as functional ingredients in the food and functional food sectors.

• 공업화학
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.336-339
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• 2011

해조류는 잠재력이 있는 풍부한 발효기질이다. 해조류의 효소가수분해를 상업용 셀룰라아제 및 비스코자임과 함께 알칼리 과산화수소 전처리에 의해서 검토하였다. 본 연구에서 사용된 해조류는 구멍갈파래이며, 전처리 평가는 효소가수분해 후 얻어진 글루코오스의 수율로 나타내었다. 알칼리 과산화수소는 과산화수소 1 wt%에 수산화나트륨을 1~1.75 wt% 범위로 혼합하였다. $60^{\circ}C$에서 3 h 동안 전처리한 결과 5 wt% 과산화수소를 사용했을 때에 가장 높은 글루코오스 전환율을 보였다. 알칼리 과산화수소로 전처리한 후 필요한 효소의 양은 전처리하지 않은 구멍갈파래에 비하여 상당히 절감되었으며, 아울러 효소 가수분해동안 얻어진 글루코오스의 양은 증가되었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제39권7호
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• pp.953-959
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 청각으로부터 생리활성물질을 추출하기 위해서 친환경적인 효소적 방법을 이용하여, 이들 효소 가수 분해물의 TPC, TFC, 항산화 활성, acetylcholinesterase(AChE) 저해 활성 및 항염증 활성을 측정하였다. 청각의 단백질 및 탄수화물 가수분해물의 TPC는 TFC보다 높은 함량을 나타내었으며, 단백질 가수분해물이 탄수화물 가수분해물보다 높은 TPC를 나타내었다. 청각 가수분해물의 항산화 활성은 DPPH radical 소거 활성으로 측정하였고, 단백질 가수분해물에서는 Flavourzyme 가수분해물이 활성이 높았고, 탄수화물 가수분해물에서는 Promozyme 가수분해물이 높은 DPPH radical 소거 활성을 나타내었다. 따라서 두가지 가수분해물을 이용하여 hydrogen peroxide 소거능, $Fe^{2+}$ 킬레이팅 및 reducing power를 측정한 결과 두 가수분해물 모두 우수한 항산화 활성을 나타냄을 알 수 있었다. 또한, hydroxyl radical로 유도된 DNA 손상을 효과적으로 억제하였다. AChE 저해 활성에서는 Flavourzyme 및 Dextrozyme 가수분해물이 각각 우수한 AChE 저해 활성을 나타내었다. 청각 가수분해물의 RAW264.7 세포주에 대한 세포독성을 검토한 결과 세포독성을 나타내지 않았으며, lipopolysaccharide(LPS)로 유도된 nitric oxide(NO) 생성 억제능에서는 모든 가수분해물이 유의적(p<0.05)으로 NO의 생성을 억제하였다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.30-38
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• 2011

대부분의 고분자 분쇄 처리는 WVP에 영향을 주지 않았고, 일부 조건에서 WS를 개선시켰으나 그 개선 정도가 변수 크기와 직접적으로 관계되지 않았다. 인장특성의 경우에도 대부분의 처리들에 의해 개선되지 않았으며, 초음파 처리의 경우에는 오히려 인장특성을 저하시키기도 하였다. 고분자 분쇄가 DMM 필름의 특성에 영향을 미칠 것이라고 가설을 세웠지만 향 프로파일을 제외한 DMM 필름의 특성들이 본 연구에서 사용된 조건에서의 고분자 분쇄 처리에 의해 대체적으로 크게 영향을 받지 않았다. 또한 필름의 물리적 특성의 변화에 미치는 그 영향 정도가 고분자 분쇄의 공정 변수 크기에 의해 결정될 것이라고 예상했지만, 초음파와 방사선으로 처리된 탈지 겨자씨 필름은 공정 변수의 크기와 필름의 특성들 간에 상관관계가 없었다는 것을 알아내었다. 이것은 아마도 순수한 단일 생고분자로 구성된 필름의 고분자 네트워크와 복합 생고분자로 구성된 농산물 가공 부산물인 탈지 겨자씨 필름의 고분자 네트워크의 차이 때문이라고 사려된다. 이 연구의 결과를 통해 단일 생고분자 필름의 특성 개선을 위해 사용되는 고분자 분쇄 기술과 처리 변수들의 값들이 복합 생고분자인 탈지 겨자씨 필름에는 그 필름의 특성 개선에 효율적으로 적용되지 않는다는 것이 규명되었다. 이 결과는 다른 복합 생고분자(농산물 가공 부산물)로 가식성 필름을 제작 시 본 연구에 사용된 고분자 분쇄 처리들이 그 필름의 물리적 특성들을 개선하는데 효과적이지 않을 수 있다는 가능성을 말해주기도 한다. 차후 탈지 겨자씨 필름의 특성을 개선하기 위해서 다른 고분자분쇄 기술(예, high pressure homogenization)을 이용해보거나 composite 필름을 제조할 수 있을 것이다.