• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제80권4호
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• pp.358-367
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• 2017

Background: Bacterial pneumonia occurring after respiratory viral infection is common. However, the predominant bacterial species causing pneumonia secondary to respiratory viral infections other than influenza remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to know whether the pathogens causing post-viral bacterial pneumonia vary according to the type of respiratory virus. Methods: Study subjects were 5,298 patients, who underwent multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction for simultaneous detection of respiratory viruses, among who visited the emergency department or outpatient clinic with respiratory symptoms at Ulsan University Hospital between April 2013 and March 2016. The patients' medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Results: A total of 251 clinically significant bacteria were identified in 233 patients with post-viral bacterial pneumonia. Mycoplasma pneumoniae was the most frequent bacterium in patients aged <16 years, regardless of the preceding virus type (p=0.630). In patients aged ${\geq}16years$, the isolated bacteria varied according to the preceding virus type. The major results were as follows (p<0.001): pneumonia in patients with influenza virus (type A/B), rhinovirus, and human metapneumovirus infections was caused by similar bacteria, and the findings indicated that Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia was very common in these patients. In contrast, coronavirus, parainfluenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus infections were associated with pneumonia caused by gram-negative bacteria. Conclusion: The pathogens causing post-viral bacterial pneumonia vary according to the type of preceding respiratory virus. This information could help in selecting empirical antibiotics in patients with post-viral pneumonia.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.634-639
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• 1998

Seven transmembrane segment (7TMS) receptors for chemokines and related molecules have been demonstrated to be essential, in addition to CD4, for HIV and SIV infection. The beta-chemokine receptor CCR5 is the primary, perhaps sole, coreceptor for HIV-1 during the early and chronic phases of infection, and supports infection by most primary HIV-1 and many SIV isolates. Late-stage primary and laboratory-adapted HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV isolates can use other 7TMS receptors. CXCR4 appears especially important in late-stage HIV infection; several related receptors can also be used. The specificity of SIV viruses is similar. Commonalities among these receptors, combined with analyses of mutated molecules, indicate that discrete, conformationally-depenclent sites on the chemokine receptors determine their association with the third variable and conserved regions of viral envelope glycoproteins. These studies are useful for elucidating the mechanism and molecular determinants of HIV-1 entry, and of inhibitors to that entry.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.168-176
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• 2013

In the last few years major progress has been made in better understanding the role of natural killer (NK) cells in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. This includes multiple pathways by which HCV impairs or limits NK cells activation. Based on current genetic and functional data, a picture is emerging where only a rapid and strong NK cell response early on during infection which results in strong T cell responses and possible subsequent clearance, whereas chronic HCV infection is associated with dysfunctional or biased NK cells phenotypes. The hallmark of this NK cell dysfunction is persistent activation promoting ongoing hepatitis and hepatocyte damage, while being unable to clear HCV due to impaired IFN-${\gamma}$ responses. Furthermore, some data suggests certain chronically activated subsets that are $NKp46^{high}$ may be particularly active against hepatic stellate cells, a key player in hepatic fibrogenesis. Finally, the role of NK cells during HCV therapy, HCV recurrence after liver transplant and hepatocellular carcinoma are discussed.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제32권3_4호
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• pp.475-489
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• 2014

In this paper, a mathematical model for HIV infection with saturating infection rate and time delay is established. By some analytical skills, we study the global asymptotical stability of the viral free equilibrium of the model, and obtain the sufficient conditions for the local asymptotical stability of the other two infection equilibria. Finally, some related numerical simulations are also presented to verify our results.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.198-201
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• 2004

신생아 로타바이러스 감염의 임상 양상은 무증상 감염으로부터 심한 탈수가 동반되는 위장관까지 다양하게 나타난다. 위장관 증상이 없이 경련을 주소로 입원한 신생아에서 대변 검사 상 로타바이러스감염이 확인하여 신생아 경련의 원인이 인과관계가 명확하지는 않지만 로타바이러스 감염과 연관성이 있을 것으로 사료되는 증례를 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.377-383
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• 2021

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To understand the identity, functional characteristics and therapeutic targets of the virus and the diseases, appropriate infection models that recapitulate the in vivo pathophysiology of the viral infection are necessary. This article reviews the various infection models, including Vero cells, human cell lines, organoids, and animal models, and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. This knowledge will be helpful for establishing an efficient system for defense against emerging infectious diseases.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.1103-1108
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• 2009

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-l protein Tat acts as a transcription transactivator that stimulates expression of the infected viral genome. It is released from infected cells and can similarly affect neighboring cells. The nucleocapsid is an important protein that has a related significant role in early mRNA expression, and which contributes to the rapid viral replication that occurs during HIV-1 infection. To investigate the interaction between the Tat and nucleocapsid proteins, we utilized cDNA micro arrays using pTat and flag NC cotransfection in HEK 293T cells and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to validate the micro array data. Four upregulated genes and nine downregulated genes were selected as candidate genes. Gene ontology analysis was conducted to define the biological process of the input genes. A proteomic approach using PathwayStudio determined the relationship between Tat and nucleocapsid; two automatically built pathways represented the interactions between the upregulated and downregulated genes. The results indicate that the up- and downregulated genes regulate HIV-1 replication and proliferation, and viral entry.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.621-623
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• 2017

Mariculture of rainbow trout Onchorhynchus mykiss has been initiated in or around olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus farms, where viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is often detected in some fish. In the present study, we investigated VHSV infection in seawater-reared rainbow trout because VHSV has never been detected in salmonids in Korea. A total of 104 adult fish were tested for the presence of VHSV by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, followed by virus isolation with the fathead minnow caudal trunk cell line. Cytopathic effects were observed in two samples but the virus was identified as infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. Thus, VHSV was not isolated from seawater-reared rainbow trout.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.35-39
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to survey on infection status of pathogens of diarrhea from Korean indigenous goat. A total of 800 fecal samples was collected from 50 farms from January to October 2015 and was tested by automatic biochemical machine and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The overall detection ratio of bacterial pathogens was 22.4% and viral pathogens was 16.3%, respectively. The detection ratio of Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella spp., bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), rotavirus and coronavirus were 21.5%, 0.9%, 7.6%, 5.6% and 3.0%, respectively. In the rates of mixed detection, single was 78.2%, double 8.4%, triple 11.6% and quadruple 1.8% in each sample and 38%, 12%, 16%, 20% in each farm, respectively.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.13-17
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• 2007

Owing to improvement of socioeconomic status during recent decades in Korea, incidence of hepatitis A has rapidly decreased, especially among children. However, this status has paradoxically caused a steady increase of adult patients with HAV infection, causing new medical issues associated with aggravated clinical symptoms. The present study reports an adult case of acute viral hepatitis type A treated with oriental medicine. The elevated biochemical findings(AST, ALT, gamma-GTP, bilirubin), physical symptoms (general weakness, nausea, right flank pain, itching sign), and serological makers (anti-HAV IgM and anti-HAV IgG) were normalized within four weeks. Also, sonographic examination showed a normal pattern on an enlarged liver image. This study informed us about the clinical capacity of oriental medicine for adult patients with acute viral hepatitis type A.