• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.331-339
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• 1991

To elucidate the regulatory mechanism of virE operon from vir regions (virA, virB, virC, virD, virG, virE) of pTiA6 which have been known to be essential for efficient crown gall tumorigenesis in plants, the activity of the truncated virE, promoter was analyzed. pSM358cd, a recombinant plasmid in which virE :: Tn3-HoHo1 (Tn3-promoterless lacZ) was cloned into SalI site of pVK102, was digested with SalI, and virE :: Tn3-HoHo1 was seperated from pVK102. To construct the truncted virE recombinant plasmids (pJS031, pJS051, pJS102, pJS201, pJS301), 5'-end of vireE promoter was deleted with BAL31 and cloned into pVK102 and then transferred into a. tumefaciens A348(pTiA6). According to the activity of the truncated virE promoter in recombinant plasmids, they were classified into two groups, pJS031, pJS051, pJS101 and pJS201 belong to a functional group and pJS301 is a non-functional. The size of deleted nucleotides of pJS201 and pJS301 seemed to be about 130 nucleotides and about 250 nucleotides from 5'-end of virE promoter, respectively. Hence it was thought that the essential site of the virE promoter was located between about 130th nucleotide and 250th nucleotide from 5'-end of the virE promoter.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.155-163
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• 1992

To elucidate the regulatory mechanism of virE operon in Agrobacterium tumefaciens pTiA6 plasmid at the molecular level, the regulatory site of virE promoter was determined using truncated virE recombinant plasmids obtained by 5' deletion analysis of virE promoter. The size of deleted nucleotides of p]S201, a functional recombinant plasmid, was found to be about 130 nucleotides from 5'-end of virE promoter. On the other hand the size of deleted nucleotides of p]S301, nonfunctional recombinant plasmid, was identified 263 nucleotides by DNA sequencing. Hence it was thought that the essential site of virE promoter was located between about 130th nucleotide and 263th nucleotide. Since the inverted repeat sequence (AACTTTGCGCTATAGGCAMGTT) is included in this essential site of virE promoter, it could be the first recognition site of the RNA polymerase in virE promoter.omoter.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.253-260
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• 2000

The virulence(vir) genes in Ti plasmid at Agrobacterium tumefaciens are expressed by a phenolic compound synthesized at plant wound site. The vir genes inducing abilities of 8 phenolic compounds were tested using three wild type strains of A. tumefaciens. It was also investigated how the levels of vir gene expression among the strains tested could be related to the kinds of specific phenolic compounds. Five phenolic compounds like as 4-hydroxyacetophenone, phenol, catechol, resorcinol, and vanillin had exhibited a strong effect on the vir gene expression of A. tumefaciens MW102 whereas they did not be either non-functional or weakly inducible to the vir gene expression of other strains i.e. A. tumefaciens MW105 and MW108. Furthermore, the vir gene of A. tumefaciens MW102 was lowly expressed by acetosyringone that exposed an strong effect on the vir gene induction of other two strains. Thus, it appeared that the vir gene inducing abilities were differed by the kinds of phenolic compounds and Ti plasmids. In conclusion, we suppose that a change in vir gene inducing ability could be resulted from a difference of sensor protein expressed by vir A gene.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.175-179
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• 1999

To elucidate the role of vir-box in the expression of the virE gene, the vir-box was modified by site-directed mutagenesis and tested for ${\beta}$-galactosidase activities. A, C, T T, A, C substitutions at -62, -63, and -65 positions, destroying the 5'-region of the vir-box and A T at position -55, destroying the 3'-region of the vir-box respectively, showed only 17% promoter activity. When the vir-box was modified to contain perfect dyad symmetry structure (DSR) by the substitutions T, G A, T at -60 an d-61 positions, ${\beta}$-glactosidase activity increased 302%. These results indicate that the 5' and 3'-region of vir-box as well as the imperfect DSR of the vir-box itself may play a very important role in the regulation of virE gene expression.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.375-388
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• 2003

This study mainly focuses on evaluating how the triangular training operator could improve classification accuracy in SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar) and VIR FCC(Visible Infra-red, False Colour Composite). The techniques for the determination of the most informative SAR/VIR combinations in the triangular space diagram, as developed tv the author of the paper, are given and the results obtained are presented. The SAR alone, VIR alone and SAR/VIR FCC classification showed trends for gradual improvement of accuracy. Accuracy distribution pattern for individual classes could be explained closely related to SAR/VIR signature components in the process of the triangular synergistic training. Due to contribution of SAR signature in training samples, it was possible to isolate major terrain features such as cloud cover area and roughness target with acceptable spatial precision. It is anticipated that this research output could be used as a valuable reference for distribution trends of classification accuracy obtained by triangular channel space based training in synergistic application.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.62 no.3
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• pp.313-322
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• 2024

Plasmodium vivax variant interspersed repeats (vir) refer to the key protein used for escaping the host immune system. Knowledge in the genetic variation of vir genes can be used for the development of vaccines or diagnostic methods. Therefore, we evaluated the genetic diversity of the vir genes of P. vivax populations of several Asian countries, including Pakistan, which is a malaria-endemic country experiencing a significant rise in malaria cases in recent years. We analyzed the genetic diversity and population structure of 4 vir genes (vir 4, vir 12, vir 21, and vir 27) in the Pakistan P. vivax population and compared these features to those of the corresponding vir genes in other Asian countries. In Pakistan, vir 4 (S=198, H=9, Hd=0.889, Tajima's D value=1.12321) was the most genetically heterogenous, while the features of vir 21 (S=8, H=7, Hd=0.664, Tajima's D value =-0.63763) and vir 27 (S =25, H =11, Hd =0.682, Tajima's D value=-2.10836) were relatively conserved. Additionally, vir 4 was the most genetically diverse among Asian P. vivax populations, although within population diversity was low. Meanwhile, vir 21 and vir 27 among all Asian populations were closely related genetically. Our findings on the genetic diversity of vir genes and its relationships between populations in diverse geographical locations contribute toward a better understanding of the genetic characteristics of vir. The high level of genetic diversity of vir 4 suggests that this gene can be a useful genetic marker for understanding the P. vivax population structure. Longitudinal genetic diversity studies of vir genes in P. vivax isolates obtained from more diverse geographical areas are needed to better understand the function of vir genes and their use for the development of malaria control measures, such as vaccines.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.259-266
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• 1995

To investigate how the dyad symmetry region (DSR) and the distance between vir box and -35 sequence of the virE promoter plays a role in virE gene expression, two mutants were constructed by base substitution and insertional mutagenesis. The base substitutional mutation, a AAlongrightarrowCG substitution at positions -39 and -40 on the DSR, showed the level of $\beta$-galactosidase activity approximately 91% of the wild type virE promoter activity. Therefore, the native structure of the DSR seems to be not essential for virE expression. The insertional mutation, constructed by inserting 8 bp ClaI linker between -49 and -50, displayed the $\beta$-galactosidase activity at 12% of the native virE promoter activity. However, this striking reduction appears to be not caused by destruction of the native DSR structure, but by shifting the vir box far from putative -35 sequence.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.316-320
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• 2001

Sonication tremendously improves the efficiency of Agrobacterium infection by introducing small and uniform fissures and channels throughout the targeted tissue. Using shoot tips of cotton as explants, the effect of sonication treatment and virulence genes in Agrobacterium tumefaciens on transformation efficiency was investigated. The pat gene which encodes resistance to the herbicide, glufosinate, was used as a selectable marker. Transformation efficiency was evaluated on th basis of survival rates of cocultivated shoot tips on selection medium containing 2.5 mg/l gulfosinate-ammonium(ppt) adn 25. mg/l Clavamax. Sonication from 5 to 15 second has a positive effect on shoop tip survival. However, whil virE as well as virG or vir GN54D showed an enhancement in transformation efficiency, virE,. virG resulted in the most significant enhancement. Overall, the combination of additional virG/virE gene and sonication treatment resulted in the most significant increase in transformation efficiency.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.1000-1006
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• 2011

We examined the effects of various phenolic compounds, Ti plasmids(octopine, nopaline) and A. tumefaciens on the vir gene expression. Nine phenolic compounds were tested using 3 types of Ti plasmid and 3 strains of A. tumefaciens on the vir gene expression. It was also investigated how the levels of vir gene expression could be related to specific phenolic compounds. Six phenolic compounds as 4-hydroxyacetophenone, phenol, catechol, resorcinol, acetosyringone and vanillin had exhibited a strong effect on the vir gene expression of A. tumefaciens MW107 containing nopaline Ti plasmid. The vir genes of A. tumefaciens MW105 and MW108 containing octopine Ti plasmids were remarkably stimulated only by acetosyringone. Thus, it appeared that the vir gene inducing abilities were differed by the kinds of phenolic compounds, A. tumefaciens and Ti plasmids.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.245-251
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• 1991

In order to investigate the phenolic compounds inducing the expression of Ti-plasmid vir genes of Agrobacterium tumefaciens KU12, we tested whether the eighteen phenolic compounds known as vir gene inducer have the activity to induce vir operon of the Ti-plasmid in A. tumefaciens KU12 transformed with pSM358cd. Also, the phenolic compounds in some tumor-uninduced dicotyledons and the attachment ability of a. tumefaciens KU12 on such dicotyledonous plants were investigated in an effort to analyze the reason why no tumor is formed on the plants. As results, fifteen among eighteen phenolic compounds known as vir gene inducer induced the expression of the Ti-plasmid vir genes. Some dicotyledonous plants which do not form the tumor have the phenolic compounds inducing the vir genes, but have less ability of the attachment than the dicotyledonous plants forming tumor.