• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.57 no.5
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• pp.757-786
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• 2011

Seneca, the most influential classical Stoic and Justus Lipsius, the founder of Renaissance Stoicism suggest constancy, an unmovable strength of the steadfast mind based on reason and sound judgment, as a practical way or attitude in life full of both public and private evils. As a member of the Sidney family, Wroth is very much likely to have been influenced in molding her concept of constancy by Senecan and Lipsian Stoicism, which was introduced into England through Sir Philip Sidney's friendship with Lipsius. This paper explores Wroth's concept of constancy in Urania as a Stoic ideal in the context of the major Stoic writings of Seneca and Lipsius. While the titular character of the romance Urania shows some inherent attributes of Stoic constancy from the beginning of the romance, Pamphilia as the pattern of constancy gradually perfects the virtue through the ordeals of her love of Amphilanthus and her queenship. Her frequent retirements into private and secluded places are the essential occasions for her disciplining in Stoic constancy through self-examinations of her psychological and emotional disorders and poetry writing. Amphilanthus, a constantly inconstant lover, fully understands the importance of constancy in love as well in life only after his marriage to another woman and Pamphilia's marriage to another man. At the end of the romance they come to accept the vicissitudes of life in Stoic constancy. In Urania, Wroth transforms the strongly masculine Stoic constancy into a female heroic ideal. Thereby she presents those female characters as important political, ethical and cultural subjects and their constancy as a thread through the labyrinths of love and life.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.103-109
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• 1970

The results of this work concerning the growth of the mussel, Mytilus edulis cultured by the hanging method in Koje Bay are as follows: The major spawning time is confined to the period from March to April. The mean growth of the mussel is indicated by the following formula; $$Y\;=\;1.508+0.659X-0.0559X^{2}+0.00367X^3$$ The major growing seasons are June and October The variance varied in proportion to the growth of the mussel, and each ranged, in shell height, from $1.25\~2.75\;to\;2.25\~4.25$ (mean:1.60 to 2.78)cm, $2.25\~5.25(3.00)cm,\;2.25\~7.75(4.83)cm,\;2.25\~7.75(5.05)cm\;and\;2.25\~8.25(5.95)cm$, and the variance were $0.278\~0.230$, 0.368, 0.701, 1.053 and 1.209, respectively. On the other hand, the variances differed in proportion to the growth of the mussel. The average length of the mussel life was about eighteen months. The mussels growing on the hanging line for arrestation undergo seasonal vicissitudes, and the mussels which fall off, mass into countless numbers during the period from August to October and finally disappear completely in November. The dimensions of the largest mussel are as follows: The shell height : 9.48cm The shell length: 4.49cm The shell breath : 3.55cm The shell weight : 22.05g The weight of the soft parts 19.25g The relative growth of the mussel is indicated as follows: Relationship between the shell height and the shell length: Y =0.486X+0.334 Relationship between the shell height and the shell breadth: Y = 0.359X+0.107 Relationship between the weight of the soft part and the shell weight: Y = 0.882X+0.901 Relationship between the shell height and the weight of the soft part: $$Y\;=\;0.02828X^{2.90518}$$

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2010

King of Jujeong(周定王) named Jusuk(朱橚) was thought to be an exemplary character as a scholar and a politician, who was not an Oriental medical doctor but a compiler publishing a set of three medical books and a set of volumes on famine relief to save people in the areas of natural disasters or spring poverty. He was born on July 1, 1361 as the fifth son of Juwonjang(朱元璋), the first Emperor (1368-1398) of the Myeong-dynasty (1368-1644) of China. It was not clearly known about his mother other than assuming, but hard to ascertain, that she was from Goryeo, the ancient country in the Korean Peninsula, and became a loyal concubine of Juwonjang(朱元璋). He was the brother of Yeongrakje(永樂帝), the third Emperor(1402-1424) of the Myeong-dynasty. As a focal figure in the political forces at that time in the Myeong-dynasty, he had a life full of vicissitudes such as being removed from office, being exiled to a remote place, being scattered far and wide between family members, being implicated in the rebellion and so on. It seemed that he brushed up on his study, taking a class on an emir until the year of 1380 at the age of twenty. And he published "Bosaeng-yeorok(保生餘錄)" and "Bojebang(普濟方)" for eight years from 1381 to 1389 (at age 21-29), "Sujinbang(袖珍方)" in 1391 (at 31), and "Guhwangboncho(救荒本草)" in 1406 (at 46), republishing "Sujinbang(袖珍方)" in 1415 (at 65). Endowed with a brilliant talent from early days, Yeong-rakje(永樂帝) wrote the poem(the poem paying a high tribute to a King) well and composed one hundred pieces of poetry on the story of the Won Dynasty (1271-1368) of China. He leaded a quiet life in his later years and died a natural death at Gaebong(開封, a city in China) at 65 in 1425. He had 15 sons including king of Juheon(朱憲王) Yudon(有敦) and 11 daughters. His books contributed absolutely to the growth of Oriental medical field, and also to the increase in population, having influence on bringing about compilation of the books on Oriental medicine and famine relief of the Joseon Dynasty (the old Korean kingdom from AD 1392 to 1910).

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.59-65
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• 2014

Purpose - The competitiveness of logistics in the 21st century rests on ensuring the efficiency and effectiveness of its local hub. While considering entry into a niche market in local logistics, it is pertinent to note that Budapest is emerging as a hub in EU enlargement in Eastern Europe. Big, small, and medium-sized businesses in Korea entered Hungary in the early 1990s since then, there has been a significant increase in Korean presence, of approximately 130 times. This study aimed to identify the key distribution issues that have emerged in relation to Eastern Europe. Research design, data, and methodology - This study indicates that 33 major Korean companies were located in Hungary, which serves as an out post to enter the European marketplace. However, Korea's exports to Hungary have declined (-32.0% in 2012) because of a loss of competitiveness against multinational corporations, due to factors such as the rise in current local distribution costs and wages. Hungary, on the other hand, through diversification and expansion of foreign trade with the non-EU markets, including Korea, is increasing its exports. Strategies of emerging countries are compared and reviewed in this study, by examining the vicissitudes of Hungary's distribution methods. Results - There are issues regarding Hungary's innovative ability. Hungary has a history of low wages and high skilled labor. However, the outflow of high-quality human resources for high-wages has become more extensive, and this underlines concerns that the CEE's trade hub is moving to neighboring countries. After the European financial crisis in 2010, the Hungarian economy is now developing, because of the IMF's measures, and it is being transformed into a trade surplus nation, while regaining distribution volumes rapidly. However, if there is continued lack of investment, the supply chain is weakened and exports decline amidst competition with TNCs or with China's distribution networks. Conclusions - It is necessary to create a new logistics approach for increasing trade between Korea and Hungary. First, Korean small and medium enterprises (SMEs) should build trust by working with advanced Hungarian talent, and they should expand into state-of-the-art fields instead of being confined to traditional sectors. Second, this study focuses on limiting and lowering their high expectations for success according to foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and the role in the CEE distribution hub Korea should try to strengthen the distribution hub with its centralized population, using better, more highly educated human resources, thereby sustaining more innovative ability. Further, the positive effects of these measures are manifested in enhanced business on both sides of Hungary, namely, the EU and non-EU nations such as Turkey and emerging markets around Europe, and a better engagement in the core placement of culture and industry. For this, Korea can contribute to, and benefit from, a Hungarian logistics center, for adopting the high-tech cluster systems and commercializing distribution technology such as RFID·USN.

• SUVANNABHUMI
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.29-51
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• 2010

The diversity of Southeast Asia can be also represented at the tremendous number of ethnic groups residing throughout its various regions even beyond national boundaries. What does it mean by the composite of numerous peoples? It has triggered a lot of problems in a nation or overall Southeast Asia. Among them, the most serious one seems to be ethnic conflicts having damaged national integration and caused political, economical, and social instability. In that respect, Karen people have been a minority group situated in the most chronic dispute in Myanmar. Since 1947 some of the Karen equipped with armed forces have been fighting against the military government currently ruling Myanmar. As the result, the refugees over 200,000 population had moved to the mountain camps located at neighboring Thailand, attracting a lot of attention throughout international societies. According to 1931 census by British colonial government, the Karen have the greatest numbers in population as minority and include 16 subgroups including Karenni(Kayah) and Pa-O seemingly excluded from its category in contemporary point of view. It means that Karen people should not be regarded as an ethnic group, and in fact do not show a homogeneous identity under the title of Karen. Given the situation, we need to reconsider the category of Karen. What does the Karen mean in a real sense? Previous studies on the Karen had been performed mainly by anthropologists or missionaries such as Marshall(1922), Hamilton (1976), Hanson Tadaw(1959), Smeaton(1920), Keyes(1979), Hayami (1992; 2004), etc. Most of them examined the Karen as a group and ignored the possibilities of representing the divergent identities vis-à-vis their subgroups. Therefore, they have focused on the myth to convert Karen people to Christianity, although the Christian Karens are less than 20% of total population. As a result, I argue that they would fail to define the real meaning of Karen. It has been caused us to recognize the Karen as a meaningless total entity to be accepted by all means. According to their arguments, the difference among Karen's subgroups is just dealt with the trivial matters that do not affect the ethnic boundary itself, still maintaining the ethnic identity as Karen. As we shall see on this thesis, this is never the case. My thesis aims at uncovering and scrutinizing the real meaning of the category of Karen. For the purpose of it, I will consider Karen people as a linguistic group from the beginning as shown in 1931 census. I argue that the Karen have been affected or exposed by various conditions or environments throughout the harsh history having happened on the areas of current Myanmar and Thailand, leading the vicissitudes of their ethnic identities.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.28-42
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• 2016

Objectives : The author tried to find out reasons why and how hysteria(and conversion disorder) patient numbers, which were so prevalent even a few decades ago, have decreased and the phenotype of symptoms have changed. Methods : The number of visiting patients diagnosed with conversion disorder and their phenotype of symptoms were investigated through chart reviews in a psychiatric department of a University hospital for the last 12 years. Additionally, the characteristics of conversion disorder patients visiting the emergency room for last 2 years were also reviewed. Those results were compared with previous research results even if it seemed to be an indirect comparisons. The research relied on Briquet P. and Charcot JM's established factors of the vicissitudes of hysteria(and conversion disorder) which has been the framework for more than one hundred and fifty years since hysteria has been investigated. Results : The author found decreased numbers and changes of the phenotype of the hysteria patients(and conversion disorder) over the last several decades. The decreased numbers and changes of the symptoms of those seemed to be partly due to several issues. These issues include the development of the diagnostic techniques to identify organic causes of hysteria, repeated changes to the symptom descriptions and diagnostic classification, changes of the brain nervous functions in response to negative emotions, and the influence of human evolution. Conclusions : The author proposed that the evolutionary brain discord reaction theory explains the causes of disappearance of and changes to symptoms of hysteria(conversion disorder). Most patients with hysteria(conversion disorder) have been diagnosed in the neurological department. For providing more appropriate treatment and minimizing physical disabilities to those patients, psychiatrists should have a major role in cooperating not only with primary care physicians but with neurologists. The term 'hysteria' which had been used long ago should be revived and used as a term to describe diseases such as somatic symptom disorder, functional neurological symptoms, somatization, and somatoform disorders, all of which represent almost the same vague concept as hysteria.