• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.94-99
• /
• 2011

This study was performed to investigate the effect of foliar feeding as the fertilization on creeping benrgrass green. Research results have showed that the visual quality of bentgrass as well as shoot density and chlorophyll index dramatically improved after foliar feeding. Shoot density of bent grass in foliar based fertilization was 2.8 ea/$cm^2$ higher than that of the liquid based fertilization during the experiment period, moreover that the foliar feeding is more effective to alleviate shoot density during the rainy season in summer. Results showed that foliar feeding was key role to achieve the stable visual quality, chlorophyll index and maintained Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) throughout the year in addition to get fast recovery after aeration and dry spot. These were consistent with the previous research of foliar feeding which directly provided nutrient to the turfgrass leaf thus increased turfgrass growth within a short time. It is projected to be a especially adequate management program during the hot summer season in which the nutrition feeding is low. However, root growth was no significant difference between foliar based fertilization and liquid based fertilization. Golf Course managers also should consider about the number of frequent fertilizing. Lastly, it was no big change in chemical property by soil foliar based fertilization which is meaning of preventing the soil salinization, meanwhile, it is prone to reach the nutrient deficiency. It hopes to be settled as the general fertilization in golf course of Korea, since there are many advantages of foliar based fertilization program. It is suggested to study more practical process of foliar feeding through the further research.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.43 no.10
• /
• pp.883-891
• /
• 2010

More recently, there have been significant changes in the forms of channels due to runoff characteristics driven by climate changes and other alterations in basin/channel environments. Particularly, increasing local deposition in major channels is being observed nationwide. Of such phenomena, it is noteworthy that flood-plains show unidirectional growth and lowering of channels within compound channels in the form of a high-flow plain. These changes are supposed to affect management of the river ecology as well as flood control. In this study, the research on channels in Korea confirmed that the phenomenon of local deposition in those channels is actually taking place, rendering a problem to be urgently addressed. Previous studies on bed changes have been focused on low channels based on bed materials distributed over the channels. However, this research has proved that surface-layer deposition of a high-flow plain is closely related with changes in the conditions of ground surfaces and, ultimately, affects the bed of the entire channel as well. According to the intensive research on the condition of the high-flow plain of the mouth of the Han River, the silt deposited in the high-flow plain was the main cause of settlement/growth of vegetation. And this leads to landforming along with woods-forming, disturbing flood control as well as the normal river ecology.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.147-152
• /
• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the growth characteristics of creeping bentgrass cultivars for fairway of golf course at Yeoju area in Korea. At germination and coverage rate of creeping bentgrass, 'Shark' and 'CY-2' were excellent, 'L-93', 'Alpha', 'T-1 was in order', respectively. Visual qualities of 'Shark' and 'CY-2' also were excellent. Especially, 'Shark', 'T-1', and 'CY-2' showed excellent visual quality in summer days, the critical times for the bentgrass fairway quality. 'Shark', 'CY-2' and 'T-1' were excellent in Chlorophyll contents throughout the evaluation period. Chlorophyll content of 'T-1' was maintained very high in summer. 'CY-2' and 'Shark' showed the best root growth at the beginning of the study and contained longer and hairy roots. Which might make these two cultivars' water absorption easier than other's. NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index)of 'Shark', 'L-93' and 'CY-2' was excellent, respectively. 'T-1' showed the highest density and 'Shark', 'CY-2', 'Alpha', 'L-93' was followed by. The density of 'T-1' was rather increased in summer season, while those of other cultivars were decreased. Three diseases such as anthracnose, brown patch, and dollar spot, were appeared during the evaluation period. 'T-1' and 'L-93' were very sensitive to anthracnose which occurred at the beginning days of the study. The most susceptible cultivars to brown patch were 'Alpha' and 'L-93'. 'T-1' was the least resistant to dollar spot which occurred at the same time with brown patch.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.38 no.3
• /
• pp.165-169
• /
• 2010

The cityward tendency of the population caused the building crowd and the skyscrapers, and destroyed the cityscape and ecosystem of the city. For this reason, many researchers studied to make more green spaces in the city. The roof greening is one of the methods to get the green spaces in the city. There are some problems in this method such as the safety load, growth of the plants on the artificial foundation, and so on. In this study, we evaluated the waste woodchips and the waste papers as a new materials for the artificial foundation. The new artificial foundation was made of the waste woodchips and the waste papers with the different ratio of mixture (woodchips, paper slurry, and fertilizer). The artificial foundation was applied to the planting of three different plants (creeping bentgrass, barley, and wheat). It was found that the growth of the plants with 1% of fertilizer was higher than other conditions. The best making condition of foundation was 40% pulp and 60% woodchips in the germination of all plants.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.41-49
• /
• 2014

Four preparations of liquid turfgrass fertilizers were tested cool season turfgrasses during fall season. The preparations of PS-A, PS-B, PH-C and PH-D for commercial products were contained with essential nutrient elements, seaweed extract, amino acids, and humus substance. Growth and quality of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds cv. Penn-A1) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) mixture (Midnight 33%, Moonlight 33%, Prosperity 33%) were evaluated by normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), root length and fresh weight, shoot density, turf color, and chlorophyll content. Three foliar sprays of 4 preparations with an interval of 7 days were made in the fall of 2013 in the sod production field at Hapchun, Korea. No significant difference among 3 preparations was found in NDVI of creeping bentgrass. However, PS-A was significantly increased NDVI of Kentucky bluegrass. Two to three applications of PS-A significantly increased chlorophyll content and turf color. Three foliar sprays of PS-A and PS-B were significantly increased the shoot density of Kentucky bluegrass on 20 days after final application. These results may indicate that the use of some preparation is beneficial in producing higher quality turfgrass sod with better color and chlorophyll content during fall season.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.14 no.5
• /
• pp.53-67
• /
• 2011

The major objective of this study was to quantify the effects of substrate depth and substrate composition on the development of sedum etc., in a sloped rooftop (6 : 12 pitch) environment during a 4-year period. The experiment was conducted from 2006 October to 2010 December under several conditions without soil erosion control : two substrate depth (5cm, 10cm), four substrate composition (A5N3C2, A3N3C4, A6C4, G5L3C2: A: artificial lightweight soil, N : natural soil, G : granite decomposed soil, C : leave composite, L : loess), four sloped roof direction ($E40^{\circ}W$, $W40^{\circ}N$, $S40^{\circ}W$, $N40^{\circ}E$). In this experiment 4 sedum etc., were used: Sedum sarmentosum, Sedum kamtschaticum, Sedum rupestre, Sedum telephium, flowering herbs (mixed seed : Taraxacum platycarpum, Lotus corniculatus, Aster yomena, Aster koraiensis), western grasses (mixed seed : Tall fescue, Creeping redfescue, Bermuda grass, Perennial ryegrass). The establishment factor had two levels : succulent shoot establishment (sedum), seeding (flowering herbs, western grasses). 1. Enkamat, as it bring about top soil exfoliation, was unsuitable material for soil erosion control. 2. Sedum species exhibited greater growth at a substrate depth of 10cm relative to 5cm. All flowering herbs and western grasses established only at a substrate depth of 5cm were died. A substrate depth of 5cm was not suited in sloped rooftop greening without maintenance. If additional soil erosion control will be supplemented, a substrate depth of 10cm in sloped rooftop greening without maintenance was considered suitable. 3. For all substrate depth and composition, the most abundant species was Sedum kamtschaticum. The percentage of surviving Sedum kamtschaticum was 73.4% at a substrate depth of 10cm in autumn 2007 one year after the roof vegetation had been established. But the percentage of surviving other sedum were 33.3%~51.9%, therefor mulching for soil erosion control was essential after rooftop establishment in extensive sloped roof greening was proved. To raise the ratio of plant survival, complete establishment of plant root at substrate was considered essential before rooftop establishment. 4. There was a significant interaction between biomass and substrate moisture content. There were also a significant difference of substrate moisture and erosion among substrate composition. The moisture content of A6C4 was highest, the resistance to erosion of A5N3C2 was highest among substrate composition. The biomass of plants were not significantly higher in A5N3C2 and A6C4 relative to A3N3C4 and G5L3C2, For substrate moisture and erosion resistance, A5N3C2 and A6C4 were considered suitable in sloped rooftop greening without maintenance. 5. There were significant difference among roof slope direction on the substrate moisture. Especially, the substrate moisture content of $S40^{\circ}W$ was lower relative to that of $N40^{\circ}E$, that guessed by solar radiation and erosion.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.49 no.5
• /
• pp.598-607
• /
• 2016

This study was conducted to evaluate the amount of nitrogen (N) top dressing based on the normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVI) by ground based sensors for leaf perilla under the polyethylene house. Experimental design was the randomized complete block design for five N fertilization levels and conventional fertilization with 3 and 4 replications in Gumsan-gun and Milyang-si field, respectively. Dry weight (DW), concentration of N, and amount of N uptake by leaf perilla as well as NDVIs from sensors were measured monthly. Difference of growth characteristics among treatments in Gumsan field was wider than Milyang. SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter reading explained 43.4% of the variability in N content of leaves in Gumsan field at $150^{th}$ day after seedling (DAS) and 45.9% in Milyang at $239^{th}$ DAS. Indexes of red sensor (RNDVI) and amber sensor (ANDVI) at $172^{th}$ day after seedling (DAS) in Gumsan explained 50% and 57% of the variability in N content of leaves. RNDVI and ANDVI at $31^{th}$ DAS in Milyang explained 60% and 65% of the variability in DW of leaves. Based on the relationship between ANDVI and N application rate, ANDVI at $172^{th}$ DAS in Gumsan explained 57% of the variability in N application rate but non significant relationship in Milyang field. Average sufficiency index (SI) calculated from ratio of each measurement index per maximum index of ANDVI at $172^{th}$ DAS in Gumsan explained 73% of the variability in N application rate. Although the relationship between NDVIs and growth characteristics was various upon growing season, SI by NDVIs of ground based remote sensors at top dressing season was thought to be useful index for recommendation of N top dressing rate of leaf perilla.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.28-44
• /
• 1998

This study was conducted to suggest the ecological restoration strategies for the disturbed landscapes by theoretical study. Especially, it is aimed to suggest three objectives for restoration by using native plants ; (1) prevention or reduction of wind and water erosion, (2) provision of food and cover for variety of animal species, (3) improvement of the visual or aesthetic quality of disturbed sites. The main results were summarized as follows. 1. Cooperation between restoration ecologists and restoration practitioners is needed to delineate a scientific approach to restoration ; (1) Being aware of published literature that describes similar work and/or establish general principles. (2) Preparedness to carry out proper experiments to test ideas. (3) Preparedness to monitor fundamental parameters in a restoration scheme. (4) Providing information about the behavior of species. (5) Publish results. 2. There are three models of succession in theories of plant succession. The tolerance and facilitation models were recommended to ecological restoration. The inhibition model applies in most secondary succession, but the actual species which are introduced first may inhibit the germination and growth of slower-growing species, or they may prevent the growth of other species whose propagules arrive later. 3. The objectives of erosion control, wildlife habitat provision, and visual quality improvement are not mutually exclusive. However, many revegetation practices in the past have emphasized one of these aspects at the expense of the others. 4. A native plant community can be the model of ecological restoration. By stylization/abstraction of native plant community, trying to learn the most essential characteristics of community types - environmental factors ; dominant, prevalent, and "visual essence" species composition - in order to use such information in restoration. 5. After developing mass/spaces plan, match plant communities to the mass/space plan. In utilizing community grouping, there needs aesthetic ability to understand design elements. 6. Several hydrophytes such as Pennisetum saccharifluous, Themeda triandra, Cirsium pendulum show relatively good germination rates. In case of mesophytes and xerophytes, Arundinella hina, Artemisia princeps, Oenothera odorata and legumes seem to have quick-germinating abilities at barren sites. Pinus thunbergii, Rhus chinensis, Evodia daniellii, Alnus firma and Albizzia julibrissin can be considered as "late succession" woody plants because they show low germinating rates and slow growing habitat. 7. The seeds used for restoration should be collected within a certain radius of where it will be planted. Consideration in genetic issues in the collection and use of germplasm can increase the odds for successful restoration efforts. 8. The useful model in the "drift" pattern occurs so abundantly in naturally evolving landscapes. As one species diminishes in density, a second or third species are increased. Thus, dynamic interactions between species are created. Careful using of "drift phenomenon" in planting was recommended. 9. Virtually no stand of vegetation today is immune from the introduction and/or spreading of exotic species. Therefore, the perpetuation of a restored sites requires conscious monitoring and management. Thus, management would be the most important process in ecological restoration. 10. In order to keep the sites "natural", alternative management strategies would be applied in management ; Atenative management strategies are decelerating successional process, accelerating successional processes or modifying species composition. As management tools, mechanical, chemical, biological or environmental factor manipulation, e.g., fire could be used.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.6 no.4
• /
• pp.296-301
• /
• 2005

This study was conducted to get the basic data on an effect of food waste compost for rock cut-slopese vegetation. Two foreign cool-season grasses and native plants were used for this experiment. Cool-season grasses were Festuca ruba and Lolium perene, Native plants were Amorpha fruticosa, and Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria. Amorpha fruticosa, Indigofera psendo-tinctoria, and Lolium perenne decreased in germination rate and plant height at NaCl concentrations of $0.4\%$ or over suddenly. Festuca rubra occurred to the sudden growth hindrance at NaCl concentrations of $0.2\%$ or over. Amorpha fruticosa and Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria appeared for germination of $45\%$ at all experiment plots. Lolium perenne increased in plant height as trial rate of food waste compost was abundant. Ground cover rate was the highest in Mixture III by $89.3\%$ and was fluctuated from $47.0\%$ after 30 days to $64.1\%$ after 45 days in Mixture 1. Descending order of ground cover rates in 4 treatments was Mixture III, Mixture IV, Mixture II, and Mixture I. As the growth

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.85-94
• /
• 2008

This study is to construe spatio-temporal characteristics of temperature in cities and changes of climatical regions in analyzing a change of Korea Peninsular climate. We used daily mean air temperature data which was collected in South and North Korea for the past 34 years from 1974 to 2007. We created temperature map of 500m resolution using Inverse Distance Weight in application with adiabatic lapse rate per month in linear relation with height and temperature. In the urbanization area, the data analyzed population in comparison with temperature changes by the year. An annual rising rate of temperature was calculated $0.0056^{\circ}C$, and the temperature was increased $2.14^{\circ}C$ from 1974 to 2107. The south climate region in Korea by the Warmth index was expanded to the middle climate region by the latitude after 1990s. A rise of urban area in mean temperature was $0.5-1.2^{\circ}C$, Seoul, metropolitan and cities which were high density of urbanization and industrialization with the population increase between 1980s and 1990s. In case of North Korea, Cities were Pyeongyang, Anju, Gaecheon, Hesan. A rise in cities areas in mean temperature has influence on vegetation, especially secondary growth such as winter buds of pine trees appears built-up area and outskirts in late Autumn. Finally, nowaday we confront diverse natural events over climatical changes, We need a long-term research to survey and analyze an index on the climatical changes to present a systematic approach and solution in the future.