• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.107-114
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• 2012

In this paper, we propose a new modulation scheme called multi-coded variable pulse position modulation (MC-VPPM) for visible light communication systems. Two groups of signals (Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) groups) are multi-coded by orthogonal codes for transmitting data simultaneously. Then, each multi-level value of the multi-coded signal is converted to pulse width and position which results in not only an improved data rate, but also a processing gain in reception. In addition, we introduce average duty ratio and cyclic shift concepts in PWM through which dimming control for light illumination can be supported without any degradation in communication performance. Through simulation, we confirm that the proposed MC-VPPM shows a comparable BER curve and much greater achievable data rate than the conventional VPPM scheme using a visible light optical channel environment.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.927-930
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• 2013

We propose a visible light communication system in which the color and brightness are controllable. Pulse width modulation and variable pulse position modulation (VPPM) schemes are used to control the color and brightness, respectively. A digital algorithm to decode VPPM signals is suggested and implemented. A seamless transmission is observed in a testbed experiment under various environmental conditions. The proposed scheme can be applied to emotional-lighting-based wireless optical communication.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.76-79
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• 2015

Visible light communication (VLC) is a short range optical communication technology using light emitting diodes. In this paper, we implement variable pulse position modulation (VPPM) defined in the IEEE 802.15.7 standard with a Cortex-M processor, which is a new modulation scheme for VLC providing a dimming control mechanism for flicker-free optical communication. The synchronization procedure between the transmitter and receiver is not defined clearly in the VPPM standard. In order to synchronize the transmitter and receiver easily, two overhead bits are used including one start bit and one stop bit modulated by on-off keying (OOK). Experimental results under various environmental conditions show that the proposed VPPM can support a seamless 100 Kbps data rate with 10 levels in the dimming control.

• 한국위성정보통신학회논문지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.41-46
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• 2012

LED 기반 가시광 통신 시스템은 RF통신과 달리 인체에 무해하며, 주파수 허가를 받을 필요가 없고, 보안 특성이 우수하며, 넓은 가시광 대역을 사용할 수 있는 시스템이다. 하지만 LED 발광을 조명과 광 데이터 전송으로 동시에 사용하기 위해 깜박거림 방지와 밝기 조절 기능의 구현이 요구되는데 이때 code rate의 열화가 발생한다. 따라서 고속 멀티미디어 데이터 전송을 위해 본 논문에서 가시광 통신 시스템에서 적용 가능한 line coding기법 Symbolic-PPM(Pulse Position Modulation)을 제안하고 기존의 VPPM(Variable Pulse Position Modulation) 기법과 비교하여 깜박거림 방지 및 밝기 조절 기능을 구현 한 상태에서 고속 데이터 전송을 위한 전송 효율 증가 효과를 모의실험을 통하여 검증하였다.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.203-209
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• 2012

Visible light communications (VLC) use modern solid-state light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to broadcast information. Emerging white-light LEDs allow the combination of lighting and optical wireless communication in one optical source. In this paper, a new LED lighting design using one-chip-type white LEDs is proposed for efficient illumination and optical wireless communications under the existence of several obstacles. Lighting and communication performance are analyzed to show the effectiveness of the proposed LED lighting. Specifically, the signal-to-noise ratio considering intersymbol interference and the bit-error rate of variable pulse position modulation (VPPM) with dimming control are considered.

• 정보처리학회논문지:컴퓨터 및 통신 시스템
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.35-42
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• 2022

가시광 통신은 LED의 빠른 점멸을 통해 데이터를 보내는 통신 방법이며, 조명이 영향을 미치는 범위가 넓어 도청에 취약하다. IEEE 표준 802.15.7에서는 가시광 통신을 위해 OOK(On-Off Keying), VPPM(Variable Pulse Position Modulation), CSK(Color Shift Keying)를 모듈레이션을 정의한다. 이 논문에서는 VPPM을 사용한 통신에서 보안을 위한 물리계층 암호화를 제안한다. VPPM은 4B6B를 사용하여 메시지를 인코딩하는데 16개의 출력을 6-bit를 사용해 표현한다. 제안하는 인코딩은 4B6B의 생성조건을 위배하지 않으며 복잡도를 높이기 위해 20개의 출력으로 확장한다. 그리고 확장된 4B6B 테이블의 각 출력을 vigenère cipher를 이용하여 암호화한다. 도청자가 암호화된 각 6-bit 데이터를 복호화할 확률은 $\frac{1}{20}$ 이다. 따라서 키의 개수가 n일 때 도청자는 메시지를 복호화하기 위해 최대 $\sum\limits_{k=1}^{n}20^k$ 만큼 전수조사해야 한다. PHY II의 OOK와 PHYIII의 CSK에서도 입력과 출력을 관리하는 테이블을 사용하기 때문에 제안하는 방식을 적용할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 OOK와 CSK방식에서도 성능 저하 없이 사용할 수 있는 보안 인코딩에 대해 논의한다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.1276-1291
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• 2014

In the field of visible light communication (VLC), light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are used for transmitting data via visible light. In this study, we analyze pulse dual slope modulation (PDSM) as a means of delivering information in VLC. PDSM involves the modulation of symmetrical slope pulses to encode binary 0s and 1s, and owing to the moderately increasing and decreasing pulse shapes that are created, this method enables more spectral efficiency than the variable pulse position modulation (VPPM) technique currently adopted in IEEE 802.15.7. In particular, PDSM allows for the avoidance of intra-frame flicker by providing idle pulses in a spectrum-efficient way. A simple detection scheme is proposed for PDSMsignals, and its bit error rate (BER) is analyzed mathematically at varying slopes to validate the process through simulation. The BER performance of PDSM detection using dual sampling is compared to the performances of PDSM and VPPM using correlation detection. It is found that, when the probability of idle pulse transmission is less than 0.08 and higher than 0, the BER of dual sampling PDSM is lower than that of PDSM using correlation detection over the entire light intensity range.

• 센서학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.6-12
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• 2018

In this paper, a 32-variable pulse position modulation (32-VPPM) scheme is proposed to support a red-green-blue light-emitting-diode (RGB-LED)-based optical camera communication (OCC) system. Our proposed modulation scheme is designed to enhance the OCC data transmission rate, which is targeted for the wearable biomedical data monitoring system. The OCC technology has been utilized as an alternative solution to the radio frequency (RF) wireless system for long-term self-healthcare monitoring. Different biomedical signals, such as electrocardiograms, photoplethysmograms, and respiration signals are being monitored and transmitted wirelessly from the wearable biomedical device to the smartphone receiver. A common 30 frames per second (fps) smartphone camera with a CMOS image sensor is used to record a transmitted optical signal. Moreover, the overall proposed system architecture, modulation scheme, and data demodulation are discussed in this paper. The experimental result shows that the proposed system is able to achieve > 9 kbps using only a common smartphone camera receiver.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.735-745
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• 2016

The Paris agreement at the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) emphasizes the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and increase in energy consumption in all areas. Thus, an important aspect is energy saving in buildings where the lighting is a major component of the electrical energy consumption. This paper proposes a building energy management system employing visible light communication (VLC) based on LED lighting. The proposed management system has key characteristics including personalization and localization by utilizing such VLC advantages as secure communication through light and location-information transmission. Considering the efficient implementation of an energy-consumption adjustment using LED luminaires, this paper adopts variable pulse position modulation (VPPM) as a VLC modulation scheme with simple controllability of the dimming level that is capable of providing a full dimming range. This paper analyzes the VPPM performances according to variable dimming for several schemes, and proposes a VPPM demodulation architecture based on dimming-factor acquisition, which can obtain an improved performance compared to a 2PPM-based scheme. In addition, the effect of a dimming-factor acquisition error is analyzed, and a frame format for minimizing this error effect is proposed.

• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.169-180
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• 2018

백색 발광다이오드(LEDs)는 형광등보다 경제적이며 높은 밝기, 수명, 내구성을 제공한다. 이러한 LED는 사람들의 일상생활과 밀접하게 연결되어 있기 때문에 LED의 조광제어는 에너지 절약과 삶의 질 향상에 중요한 요소이다. 이 LED를 사용하는 가시광통신시스템에서는 안테나 수에 비례해 채널 용량을 확보할 수 있다는 점에서 복수의 MIMO(입력 다중 출력) 기술이 많은 관심을 끌었다. 본 논문은 가시광통신(VLC) 시스템에서 적용된 공간-시간 블록 코드(STBC) 기법의 세 가지 변조의 전력 성능을 분석한다. 변조 방식은 RZ-OOK(Return-to-On-Ok), 가변 펄스 위치 변조(VPPM), 중첩 펄스 위치 변조(OPPM) 및 조광 제어를 적용하였다. 전력 요구사항과 전력 소비는 세 가지 종류의 변조 하에서 $2{\times}2$ STBC-VLC 환경에서 전력 효율을 비교하는 지표로 사용되었다. 조광 제어가 각 변조 체계의 통신 성능에 영향을 미치는지 확인하였다. 확인 결과 VPPM은 세 가지 변조 중 소비량이 더 많았으며 OPPM은 VPPM에 비해 에너지 절감 효과를 보였다.