• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.778-791
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• 2005

A novel pneumatic artificial muscle actuator (PAM actuator), which has achieved increased popularity to provide the advantages such as high strength and high power/weight ratio, low cost, compactness, ease of maintenance, cleanliness, readily available and cheap power source, inherent safety and mobility assistance to humans performing tasks, has been regarded during the recent decades as an interesting alternative to hydraulic and electric actuators. However, some limitations still exist, such as the air compressibility and the lack of damping ability of the actuator bring the dynamic delay of the pressure response and cause the oscillatory motion. Then it is not easy to realize the performance of transient response of pneumatic artificial muscle manipulator (PAM manipulator) due to the changes in the external inertia load with high speed. In order to realize satisfactory control performance, a variable damper-Magneto­Rheological Brake (MRB), is equipped to the joint of the manipulator. Superb mixture of conventional PID controller and a phase plane switching control method brings us a novel controller. This proposed controller is appropriate for a kind of plants with nonlinearity, uncertainties and disturbances. The experiments were carried out in practical PAM manipulator and the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm was demonstrated through experiments, which had proved that the stability of the manipulator can be improved greatly in a high gain control by using MRB with phase plane switching control method and without regard for the changes of external inertia loads.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.231-243
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between body image and BMI with satisfaction of own body image, snack intake practices, food intake practices and weight control practices of 226 female college students in Jeonbuk province using questionnaire. The results were summarized as follows : 1. The average height, weight and BMI was 162.08cm, 52.02kg and 19.78, respectively. The average ideal body weight of the subjects was 48.92kg. Ninety percent of the subjects was dissatisfied with their body image. The degree of dissatisfaction was higher in the group who recognized themselves as fat. Most of subjects wanted to lose weight, but as the group having a recognition of thin body image significantly wanted to gain weight (p<0.001). 2. The subjects preferred fruits and juices for snack. The more subjects recognized themselves as fat, the more they restricted snack intake (p<0.05). 3. The rate of skipping meal tends to increase. The subjects did not intake balanced meals and skipped breakfast most (20.7%). The number of food groups taken at breakfast, lunch and dinner was 1.84, 2.25 and 2.55, respectively and the most variable food groups were taken at dinner(p<0.001). Dairy food group intake was low. The duration of meal time was longer in the underweight group by BMI regardless of body image recognition (p<0.05). 4. The weight controlling method was concentrated mostly on decreasing food intake. The more subjects recognized themselves as fat, the more they tried to control weight (p<0.001). Even though 59.5% of the subjects with no weight control experience had no future weight control plans, 50% of the group who recognized themselves as normal or fat did not want to control weight in the future (p<0.01). These results suggest that nutrition education programs and correction programs of food behaviors and weight control should start from focusing on the accurate recognition of body image for college female students.

• 한국경영과학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.111-125
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• 1976

This study investigates the one-year performance of the Seoul Metropolitan Rail Transit(SMRT) operation. It intends to provide a basic understanding for railway operation in Seoul Metropolitan Area and thereby for making rational transport policy. The paper is conceptually comprised of four sections; analysis of passenger travel characteristics; SMRT costing and traffic cost function: its operating characteristics in terms of finance and utilization; primary social benefits of SMRT and suggestions. In the first year of operation (1974), the average daily traffic was about 335,000, After the drastic increases of fare in both Subway and KNR rail-lines, the travel volume has been cut by almost 10 percent, though most pronounced on intra-Subway line. The spatial distribution of passengers indicates that travelers use the SMRT line mainly for uninterrupted direct travel toward the CBD. In the prospective costing, the opereting expenses are divided into three groups; those which vary directly with volume; those partially variable with volume; and those entirely unrelated to volume change, With this information, cost function was derived for varying schedules of operation. Primary social benefits of the SMRT are assessed, though preliminary. Account should be taken of the nature of common costs of the SMRT in fare-rate making, especially when much of the operating expenses are accounted for by the fixed costs such that the revenue may not readily turn into break-even. The accounting results of the one-year operation coincide reasonably well with the prospective costing estimates. According to the findings of this annd another travelers' behavior studies, managerial effort would bring more revenue gain to the SMRT than fare increase does, not to speak of greater social benefits by so doing.

• 한국콘텐츠학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘텐츠학회 2007년도 추계 종합학술대회 논문집
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• pp.70-74
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• 2007

국가R&D 과제는 다양한 참여주체 및 과제로부터 파생되는 실질적 가치 정보들을 종합적으로 엮어줄 수 있는 중심축을 제공한다. 따라서 국가연구개발정보를 효과적으로 관리 활용하기 위해서는 과제 중심의 관리체계를 구축해야 하며, 이를 지원할 수 있는 제반 기술 및 시스템들이 정의되어야 한다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위해서 우선 각 정보들은 유일하게 식별될 수 있어야 하며, 각 정보에 대한 연관관계가 설정되어야 한다. 또한 설정된 연관관계를 활용해 각 정보에 효과적으로 접근함으로써 필요한 정보를 손쉽게 획득 공유할 수 있어야 한다. 이러한 기본적인 요건을 만족시키기 위해서는 제반 정보를 관리하기 위한 시스템들과 각 정보들에 고유한 식별자를 부여하기 위한 식별체계관리시스템이 구성되어야 하며, 이들 시스템을 효과적으로 연계시켜주기 위한 공통서비스 및 공통기능들이 제공되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 각 구성요소들이 갖는 의미와 그들 간의 관계를 정의함으로써 국가연구개발정보의 활용을 촉진시킬 수 있는 기반을 마련하고자 한다.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.41-47
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• 2006

본 논문에서는 2차 고조파 발생기에서 발생되는 2차 고조파 성분을 추출하여, 그 신호와 주 신호를 동 위상 변조시키는 전치 왜곡 선형화 방법을 제시하였다. 고조파 발생기에서 추출한 고조파 성분의 동 위상과 직각 위상 성분 신호로 분리하여 그것의 크기만을 제어하여 전력증폭기의 혼변조 신호를 제거하는 방법으로 셀룰라대역에서 동작하는 회로를 구현하였으며, 그 결과 전력증폭기의 혼변조 신호 억압 특성을 확인하였다. 반송파 2톤 신호를 인가하였을 때, 주파수 간격이 ${\Delta}f$=1MHz에서 3차 혼변조 신호는 20dB 개선되었고, IS-95 CDMA 1FA 신호에서는 인접채널 전력비가 7dB 개선됨을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and information Science
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.239-244
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• 1998

Piezoelectric pressure sensors and pyroelectric infrared detectors based on ZnO thin film have been integrated with GaAs metal-semiconductor field effect transistor (MESFET) amplifiers. Surface micromachining techniques have been applied in a GaAs MESFET process to form both microsensors and electronic circuits. The on-chip integration of microsensors such as pressure sensors and infrared detectors with GaAs integrated circuits is attractive because of the higher operating temperature up to 200 oC for GaAs devices compared to 125 oC for silicon devices and radiation hardness for infrared imaging applications. The microsensors incorporate a 1${\mu}$m-thick sputtered ZnO capacitor supported by a 2${\mu}$m-thick aluminum membrane formed on a semi-insulating GaAs substrate. The piezoelectric pressure sensor of an area 80${\times}$80 ${\mu}$m2 designed for use as a miniature microphone exhibits 2.99${\mu}$V/${\mu}$ bar sensitivity at 400Hz. The voltage responsivity and the detectivity of a single infrared detector of an area 80${\times}$80 $\mu\textrm{m}$2 is 700 V/W and 6${\times}$108cm$.$ Hz/W at 10Hz respectively, and the time constant of the sensor with the amplifying circuit is 53 ms. Circuits using 4${\mu}$m-gate GaAs MESFETs are fabricated in planar, direct ion-implanted process. The measured transconductance of a 4${\mu}$m-gate GaAs MESFET is 25.6 mS/mm and 12.4 mS/mm at 27 oC and 200oC, respectively. A differential amplifier whose voltage gain in 33.7 dB using 4${\mu}$m gate GaAs MESFETs is fabricated for high selectivity to the physical variable being sensed.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2005년도 ICCAS
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• pp.1983-1989
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• 2005

Industrial robots are powerful, extremely accurate multi-jointed systems, but they are heavy and highly rigid because of their mechanical structure and motorization. Therefore, sharing the robot working space with its environment is problematic. A novel pneumatic artificial muscle actuator (PAM actuator) has been regarded during the recent decades as an interesting alternative to hydraulic and electric actuators. Its main advantages are high strength and high power/weight ratio, low cost, compactness, ease of maintenance, cleanliness, readily available and cheap power source, inherent safety and mobility assistance to humans performing tasks. The PAM is undoubtedly the most promising artificial muscle for the actuation of new types of industrial robots such as Rubber Actuator and PAM manipulators. However, some limitations still exist, such as the air compressibility and the lack of damping ability of the actuator bring the dynamic delay of the pressure response and cause the oscillatory motion. In addition, the nonlinearities in the PAM manipulator still limit the controllability. Therefore, it is not easy to realize motion with high accuracy and high speed and with respect to various external inertia loads in order to realize a human-friendly therapy robot To overcome these problems a novel controller, which harmonizes a phase plane switching control method with conventional PID controller and the adaptabilities of neural network, is newly proposed. In order to realize satisfactory control performance a variable damper - Magneto-Rheological Brake (MRB) is equipped to the joint of the manipulator. Superb mixture of conventional PID controller and a phase plane switching control using neural network brings us a novel controller. This proposed controller is appropriate for a kind of plants with nonlinearity uncertainties and disturbances. The experiments were carried out in practical PAM manipulator and the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm was demonstrated through experiments, which had proved that the stability of the manipulator can be improved greatly in a high gain control by using MRB with phase plane switching control using neural network and without regard for the changes of external inertia loads.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제24권8A호
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• pp.1252-1258
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• 1999

본 논문에서는 10-MHz 대역폭을 갖는 무선가입자망용 중간주파수 아날로그 IC 설계에 관하여 논한다. 본 IC는 RF 부와 MODEM사이에서 인터페이스 역할을 하며, 수신 단에서는 중간주파수 신호를 기저대역으로 저역변환을 하고 송신 단에서는 기저대역 신호를 중간주파수 신호로 바꾸어 준다. 본 회로는 이득조절증폭기, 위상잠금회로, 저역통과필터, 아날로그-디지털 및 디지털-아날로그 변환기로 구성된다. 위상잠금회로에서 전압발진기 및 분주기, 위상비교기, 전하펌핑회로는 동일 칩 안에 구현하였고, 외부소자로는 루프필터용 소자와 LC 탱크 소자만이 사용되었다. 본 IC는 0.6-$\mu\textrm{m}$ CMOS 공정에 의하여 제작되었고, 전체 크기는 4 mm $\times$ 4 mm 이며, 3.3 V에서 약 57mA를 소모하였다.

• 전자공학회논문지 IE
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2010

초음파신호를 이용하여 두 물체 사이의 거리를 측정할 수 있도록 초음파신호를 발생시키고 이를 수신하여 증폭하는 프론트-앤드 IC를 설계하였다. 40[kHz]~300[kHz]의 초음파 신호를 발생시켜서 피에조진동자를 통해 간헐적으로 송신하는 회로와 피에조 수신기에서 받은 미세한 반사 신호를 증폭하여 노이즈를 제거한 후 처음 송신된 신호와의 시간 차이를 펄스폭으로 출력하고 이를 이용하여 물체사이의 거리를 계산할 수 있는 기능을 내장하였다. 본 설계에서는 두 가지 기술을 작용하여 기능을 개선하였다. 첫째, 주파수 자동조정(SFC) 회로이다. OTA회로의 gm을 가변시켜 초음파 신호발생기의 출력주파수와 수신단의 밴드패스필터의 중심주파수가 서로 연동되도록 조정해 줌으로써 신호 복원을 용이하게 하였다. 둘째, 가변 이득 조절회로(VGC)이다. 이 회로는 두 물체사이의 거리에 상관없이 수신되는 신호의 진폭이 일정하도록 동작하는 기능을 한다. 또한, 출력레벨변환회로를 적용하여 송신신호의 진폭을 40[V]로 상승시켜 측정거리를 늘리는 시도를 하였다. 시뮬레이션을 위한 공정은 0.6um] 급, 40[V] CMOS 공정을 사용하였다. 전원전압 5[V], 소비전력은 약 12[mW]정도이다. 회로의 규모가 최소화 되어 있고 외부소자 수를 줄였기 때문에 휴대형기기에 편리하게 사용할 수 있게 하였다.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2006

본 논문에서는 저주파 혼변조 신호의 크기만을 조절하여 혼변조 신호를 제어하는 새로운 전치 왜곡 선형화기를 제안하였다. 이 방법은 고조파 발생기 출력에서 생성된 저주파 혼변조 신호를 주 신호와 진폭 변조시켜 혼변조 신호를 만들었으며, 저주파 가변 이득 조절기를 이용하여 혼변조 신호의 크기와 위상을 조절하였다. 제안한 전치 왜곡 선형화기는 국내 셀룰러 기지국 송신 주파수($869{\sim}894\;MHz$) 반송파 2 톤 신호를 전력 증폭기에 인가하여 입력 신호 레벨을 변화시켰을 때, 3차 혼변조 신호는 20 dB 이상 개선되었으며, IS-95 CDMA 1FA 신호입력 시에는 중심 주파수에서 ${\pm}885\;kHz$ 및 ${\pm}1.25;MHz$ 이격 지점에서 인접 채널 전력 비(ACPR: Adjacent Channel Power Ratio)를 10 dB 이상 개선시켰다.