• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.274-278
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• 1990

The metabolic disturbance and nephrotoxicity induced by sodium dichromate (20 mg/kg, SC) have been diminished by the administration of Korean red ginseng extract (100 mg/kg, PO). Red ginseng has a powerful potency on the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) increment shown in the early 2h after dichromate intoxication. It normalized the dichromate induced hepatic glycogenolysis. The effect of red ginseng on dichroamte induced nephrotoxicity was investigated by hematological analysis, and urinalysis. Ginseng treatment significantly reduced the increases in the urinary excretion of protein and glucose. These effects were dose dependent. Ginseng protected the accumulation of BUN and creatinine in the blood, caused by dichromate intoxication. Unlike CaEDTA, ginseng did not change the urinary excretion of chromiilm and it could not convert hexavalent chronlium to trialvalent chromium. These results suggest that ginseng treatment is effective in decreasing the metabolic disturbance, one of the earliest signs of dichromate toxicity, resulting in the protective effect of dichromate induced renal damage.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.248-256
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• 1990

To compare Na intake and excretion in elementary school children in rural and urban areas of Korea, dietary intake record, urinary Na and K excretion and preference for salty taste were measured in 39 children in 4th grade in Seoul and 36 children in 4th and 5the grades in Kochang-gun)farming area) and their mothers. mean daily urinary Na excretions were 48.8mEq in children and 62.3mEq in mothers. Mothers showed significantly higher preference for salty taste compared to children(X2=16.09, p<0.01). Among the children, those in Seoul had higher preference for salty taste than those in Kochang-gun(X2=8.32, p<0.05). Since the children showed significantly lower preference for salty taste than mothers, more researches and efforts should be directed to prevent the shifts of the taste of the children in order to decrease their Na intake and the risk of hypertension later in life.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.229-235
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• 1986

Lithium salts are being used increasingly to treat patient with affective disorders, especially acute mania, or bipolar manic-depressive illness. For therapeutic effect the lithium content must be maintained at or above a particular level. Lithium poisoning due to overdosage may be seen occasionally, and its course is determined primarily by the rate of renal lithium elimination. A search is therefore indicated for procedures that could raise the lithium clearance. In a number of reports renal lithium excretion has been studied in relation to the excretion of water, sodium, potassium and hydrogen, but effects of sodium or water on the lithium excretion has not yet been clarified. Hence the present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of corticosteroid on the excretion of lithium ion. The female rat(Sprague-Dowley), weighing from 200 to 300g, was injected with 50mg/kg of lithium chloride intraperitoneally, and then injected with graded dosage of fludrocortisone and dexamethasone in each group. During the injected rats were incubated in metabolic cage, 24 hour urine of rats were collected. At 24 hours after injection, the rats were sacrificed with guillotin, the blood were collected. And then the concentratios of $Na^+$, $K^+$, $Li^+$ of collected urine and serum were checked by Flame photometer. The results are summarized as follows; 1. Fludrocortisone decreased the serum concentration of lithium and increased the urinary excretion of lithium. 2. In the group treated with low dose of dexamethasone(0.1mg/kg), the serum concentration of lithium was decreased and high dose of dexamethasone (1mg/kg) increased the urinary excretion of lithium. 3. Fludrocortisone increased the urinary $[Na^+]/[K^+]$ in serum and decreased $[Na^+]/[K^+]$ in urine, but opposite effects were occurred in dexamethasone. By above results, it may be concluded that corticosteroid increased the urinary excretion of lithium and decreased the serum concentration of lithium, but it seems to be there is no relationship between these effects of corticosteroid and of the renal $Na^+$ or $K^+$ transport.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 1984

Four polymorphic forms (I, II, III and IV) of hydrochlorothiazide have been characterized on the basis of x-ray diffractometry and differential thermal analysis. Form I was obtained by crystallization from N, N-dimethylformamide and Form II was crystallized from hot methanol. Form III was precipitated from sodium hydroxide aqueous solution by treatment with hydrochloric acid and Form IV was crystallized from 50% methanol. The metastable form I was a most stable form among four polymorphs, which was stable more than ten months at room temperature. The thermodynamic parameters such as heat of solution, enthalpy, entropy, free energy difference and transition temperature were determined by the measurement of intrinsic dissolution rate. The transition temperature and the heat of transition between the metastable Form I an Form II were determined to be $299.15^{\circ}$K and 5.03 Kcal/mole, respectively and free energy difference ($\delta$ F) was 302. 13 cal/mole. Diuretic action of these four polymorphic forms was also evaluated by monitoring the difference in urinary excretion of sodium, potassium and magnesium in rats.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.28-40
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• 1975

Polyporus would used as diuretics. Then, for the purpose of experimentally certifying the above mention, the effect on the renal function of dog was investigated, utilizing clearance technique. Water and alcohol extracts, when injected intravenously, produced significant increases of urinary sodium and potassium, osmolar and free water clearances, and urine flow, while glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow remained unchanged. During diuresis produced by furosemide, addition of water extract reduced the action of furosemide and markedly renal plasma flow. It would appear that these compounds are capable of action by a different mechanism or a different site. water extract, when infused directly into a renal artery, reduced the urine flow of experimental kidney as well as renal plasma flow, and the contralateral kidney exhibited diuresis, whereas amounts of sodium and potassium excreted in urine increased on both kidney. It is surmised from those observations that Polyporus induces diuresis by inhibition the reabsorptive mechanism of renal tubules through some endogeneous humoral substances, in addition, directly reduces the renal plasma flow.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.101-110
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• 1975

In this study attempts were made to explore effects of the water and alcohol extracts of Junci Herba on the renal function of dogs. The water extract (in a dose 15 mg/kg, i.v.) and alcohol extract (in a dose 1.5 mg/kg, i.v.) elicited a diuretic response and produced a marked diuresis during bicarbonate infusion whereas no diuresis ensues during infusion of hydrochloric acid. The ratios of potassium and sodium excreted in urine $(K^+/Na^+)$, pH of urine, Cosm (osmolar clearance) and $C_{H_2O}$ (free water clearance) increased but hemodynamic states changed little with both extracts. All the observed facts can be best explained on the assumption that Junci Herba inhibits the carbonic anhydrase in the tubule. Thus it produces the effect by increasing urinary potassium and sodium.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.213-216
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• 1996

A modified method is given for the precolumn derivatization and subsequent high-pressure liquid chromatographic seperation of 3-methylhistidine from urine. The elution contained isocratic solution with acetonirile and 10 M sodium phosphate(pH 7.5) requires less than 7 min. The recoveries of 3-methylhlstidine from urine control were 95% to 106%. 3-Methylhistidine determinations were performed on urine samples from volunteers who were both male trained and non-trained physical undergraduates. As the result, urinary .3-methylhistidine content of volunteers increased significantly after weight training.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.241-253
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• 1992

To observe the diuretic action in mice, the anti-inflammatory action by carrageenin method and the anti-pyretic action by yeast method in rats, the Bittern was administered. Diuretic effort of Bittern was studied by measuring the urine flow, sodium, potassium in urinary excretion. The results in this work were summarized as follows: 1. The Bittern showed significant diuretic action. 2. The Bittern showed significant anti-inflammatory effect. 3. The Bittern showed significant anti-pyretic effect. According to the above results, the Bittern seems to be applicable to the treatment of edema.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.409-416
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• 2001

In order to evaluate the effect of habitual Na and Ca intake on blood pressure regulation, we measured the habitual dietary intakes of Na and Ca, urinary excretion of Ca, Na and K, and plasma level of renin activity, aldosterone, and indices of Ca metabolism in 27 untreated hypertensive women and 30 age-matched normal women on a free diet. Hypertensive and total subjects were divided into four groups according to habitual dietary intakes of Na and Ca as low Na-low Ca(LNLC), low Na-high Ca(LNHC), high Na-low Ca(HNLC), and high Na-high Ca(HNHC). HNLC hypertensive group showed the lowest level of plasma renin activity, 25-(OH) Vit D$_3$, calcitonin and serum total Ca, and presented the highest level of PTH and urinary excretions of Na/K and Ca/Cr. There were no significant difference in plasma level of aldosterone and urinary excretion of Na and K among four hypertensive groups. When all subjects were divided into four groups according to the same method, HNLC group showed the highest level of blood pressure with no statistical significance and the lowest level of calcitonin and total serum Ca. The above results indicated that renin-aldosterone system and Ca regulating hormone has a mutual relationship in hypertension. Na and Ca may interact each other, rather than affecting independently blood pressure control. As a result, considering the fact that daily balance of Na and Ca intakes affects Na and Ca regulating hormones and urinary excretion of Na and Ca, it may be involved in blood pressure control. These results suggest that maintaining an adequate intake of Ca with less intake of Na may prevent from the risk of hypertension. (Korean J Nutrition 34(4) : 409~416, 2001)

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.214-222
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• 1997

The aim of this experiments was to investigate the effect of Croton. Tiglii. semen water extract on the renal function, plasma renin activity, plasma levels of atrial natriuretiu peptide and aldosterone in rats. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Water balance was not changed significantly after the administration of Croton Tiglii semen water extract. 2. Urine volume decreased significantly after the administration of Croton Tiglii semen water extract $80{\mu}l/200g$. 3. Urinary excretion of sodium increased significantly after the administration of Croton Tiglii semen water extract $40{\mu}l/200g$, but decreased significantly after the administration of Croton Tiglii semen water extract $80{\mu}l/200g$. 4. Urinary excretion of potassium decreased significantly after the administration of Croton Tiglii semen water extract $80{\mu}l/200g$. 5. Urinary excretion of chloride was not changed significantly after the administration of Croton Tiglii semen water extract. 6. Free water clearance was not changed significantly after the administration of Croton Tiglii semen water extract. 7. Urinary excretion of creatinine increased significantly after the administration of Croton Tiglii semen $40{\mu}l/200g$. 8. Plasma renin activity was not changed significantly after administration of Croton Tiglii semen water extract. 9. Plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide increased significantly after administration of Croton Tiglii semen water extract. 10. Plasma levels of aldosterone increased significantly after administration of Croton Tiglii semen $40{\mu}l/200g$.