• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.786-796
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• 2001

To assess calcium and sodium and urinary excretion of preschool children in Busan and to evaluate the relationship of intakes of food and nutrient with urinary calcium excretion, calcium and sodium food frequencies of 25 common foods affecting intakes of calcium and sodium per week, nutrient intake by 24hr recall and 24hr urinary calcium and sodium excretion were measured with 97 preschool children. The mean calcium intake was 436.11mg and below RDA. The mean sodium intake was 1890.11mg. The mean urinary calcium and sodium excretion were 42.88mg and 735.25mg respectivery. The mean urinary calcium/creatinine ratio was 0.20. The urinary calcium excretion showed positive significant correlations with weight, intake frequency of pizza consumed per week and urinary sodium excretion (p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.001). The urinary calcium excretion per milligram of creatinine showed positive significant correlations with intake frequencies of pizza and common squid consumed per week(p<0.01, p<0.05) and negative correlation with intake frequencies of pizza and common squid consumed per week(p<0.01, p<0.05) and negative correlation with age(p<0.05). No significant relations were found between urinary calcium and intakes of calcium, protein and phosphorus. Urinary sodium was found to be the most important determinant of urinary calcium excretion. Intake frequency of pizza consumed per week was found to be the most important determinant of urinary calcium excretion per milligram of creatinine. Based on the results, urinary calcium excretion was related to intake frequency of pizza consumed per week and urinary sodium excretion. Low calcium intake and increase of calcium loss in the urine potentiated by sodium intake during growth may reduce peak bone mass. So nutritional education is needed in order to increase calcium intake and decrease sodium intake, especially from food like pizza.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.215-226
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to assess calcium and sodium intakes and urinary excretion of adults in Busan and to evaluate the relationship between urinary calcium excretion (UCa) and the status of anthropometric, blood pressure, urine analysis, and nutrient intake of subjects. Nutrient intake by 24 hr recall, 24 hr urinary calcium and sodium excretion (UNa) were measured with 87 adults aged 20-59 yrs (42 men and 45 women). The mean calcium intake was 88.0% for men and 103.0% for women of Recommended Intake. The mean sodium intake was 283.4% for men and 250.5% for women of Adequate Intake (AI). The mean 24hr UCa was 127.4 mg in men and 107.3 mg in women. The mean 24 hr UNa was 3650.6mg in men and 3276.4mg in women. The intake and urinary excretion of calcium and sodium were not significantly different by gender. UCa showed significantly positive correlations with sodium intake and UNa in men (p < 0.001, p < 0.05) and women (p < 0.001, p < 0.001) and with age, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and sodium density in women (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p<0.01). The UCa/creatinine showed significantly positive correlations with age, sodium intake, sodium density, and UNa in women (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p < 0.01). When UCa was stratified into quartile (Q1-Q4), age, SBP, UCa, UNa, sodium intake, and AI percentage of sodium (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001) were significantly higher in Q4. The mean intake and AI percentage of sodium in Q4 were 4768.8mg and 329.0. Based on the results, UCa was related to age, SBP, UNa, and sodium intake. Therefore, nutritional education of decreasing sodium intake for decreasing UCa is needed.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.125-133
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• 2013

Previous studies have shown that sodium excretion is positively related to calcium excretion in the urine. As excessive sodium intake is a common nutritional problem in Korea, we intended to investigate associations among sodium intake levels and calcium status, evaluated by 24 hour recall method and urinary excretion, and bone status. We collected dietary information for non-consecutive three days from 139 young adult women 19~29 years. After classifying the subjects into 4 groups based on the dietary sodium levels by daily total sodium intake (mg) and sodium density (sodium intake per 1000 kcal energy intake), we compared the bone status, nutrient intakes, urinary calcium and sodium excretions. The results showed a positive association between total daily sodium intake and intake of other nutrients. However, no significant differences in nutrients intakes were observed among subject groups classified by sodium density levels. There were no significant differences of bone density among groups by total daily sodium intake as well as by sodium density. While total daily sodium intake showed significantly positive relationship with urinary sodium (p < 0.05) and calcium (p < 0.05), sodium density was not related to urinary excretion of calcium and sodium. Our results suggested that promoting balanced meals providing appropriate amounts of energy intake is the essential component of nutrition education for improving calcium status of young Korean women with excessive sodium intake.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.813-824
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• 1997

This study was designed to investigate the effect of dietary calcium and phosphate levels on calcium and bone metabolism in rats. The rats were divided into six groups and each of the groups was fed diets with different Ca/P ratios. The experimental periods were 5 weeks . There was no significant different difference in dietary intake, body weight gain, and organ weight among the groups with different calcium and phosphate intake levels. Fecal calcium excretion was not significantly different among the groups, but urinary calcium excretion was increased by the increase in Ca/P ratio. Fecal phosphate excretion was not different but urinary phosphate excretion was increased by the increase in dietary phosphate intake. There was no significant difference in serum alkaline phophatase activity and urinary hydroxyproline levels were not significantly different among the groups. The low calcium-high phosphate(0.25Ca-1.2% P) group showed the lowest total calcium content in femur and scapula. This may be due to it having the lowest Ca/P ratio among groups. The low calcium-high phosphate(0.2%Ca-1.2%P) group showed that mandible is almost lost and osteolyzed Harversian canal was expanded in femur. Results suggest that phosphate intake affects calcium and bone metabolism more with inadequate calcium nutrition that with adequate calcium intake. Thus , for normal bone growth and metabolism , adequate calcium intake and/or high Ca/P ratio are important.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.132-139
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• 1992

A study was conducted to compare urinary Ca excretion and factors influencing urinary Ca excretion in 30 young and 62 middle-aged Korean women. Mean daily intake levels of total protein and P were significantly higher in middle-aged women but Ca and animal protein intake levels of the two groups were similar. The average percentage of daily Ca intake from milk and milk products in young women was 45% while in middle-aged women it was about 24% The frequency of milk consumption was inversely correlated with blood pressures of the subjects. Mean 24-hour urinary calcium excretion in young and middle-aged women were 163.7mg and 174.9mg respectively. The difference was not significant. Menopause of the mid-dle-aged women did not affect urinary calcium levels. However the proportion of subjects with more than 250mg of Ca in 24-hour urine tended to be higher in middle-aged group Factors significnatly correlated with urinary Ca excretion of subjects were systolic and diastolic The study verifies the need for more systematic studies on Ca requirements and the interrelation-ship among Ca and na metabolism blood pressures and bone loss in the middle-aged Korean.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.225-231
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• 1997

Thirteen healthy control, 13 pre-eclamptic, 7 diabetic(DM) and 12 gestational diabetic(GDM) pregnant women participated in a study ofthe interrelationships between the levels of protein, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc and copper in urine. Urinary protein, magnesium and copper levels were significantly higher (p<0.0005, p<0.0003, p<0.005 respectively) in pre-eclamptic women than those of control, DM and GDM women. Urinary zinc excretion in pre-eclamptic women (1.61 mg/g creatinine) was higher than that of DM women (0.81mg/g creatinine); urinary zinc losses of control and GDM women were wre between the other two rups. The GDM women excreted significantly ore phosphorus in their urine in comparison to control and preeclamptic women (p<0.02), but this was not seen in DM women. Among the DM women, urinary protein excretion was positively correlated with glycosylated hemoglobin(r=0.940) and fasting blood glucose concentration (r=0.889). Urinary zinc excretion also was correlated with glycosylated hemoglobin (r=0.853) and fasting blood glucose (r=0.956). In the GDM and pre-eclamptic women there were also significant correlations between urinar calcium and magnesium (r=0.857, r=0.749 respectively) and between urinary protein and copper(r=0.638, r=0.778 respectively).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1118-1128
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• 1993

This study was undertaken to investigate the acute effect of caffeine consumption on the change of mineral concentration in serum and urinary mineral excretion in healthy young females. On two separate mornings at one week intervals, each subject drank a coffee which contained no caffeine and 3mg/kg body weight caffeine. To obviate dietary effects on mineral concentration in serum and urine, each subject fasted at least ten hours before consuming the test beverage. At one, two, three and four hours, serum and urine production collected seperately for measurement of sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium concentration. The results were as following : 1) Mean age of subjects was 20.6$\pm$0.32, Mean body mass index of subjects was 21.64$\pm$0.89, which was within $\pm$10% of ideal body weight. 2) Total urine volume of caffein groups for 4 hour after caffeine consumption was higher than that of decaffeine one, but urine pH was unchanged after caffeine consumption. Total urinary four hour excretion of creatinine was not affected by caffeine consumption and creatinine clearance also was not different from the control value. 3) In serum, mean three hour content of sodium(p<0.01) and phosphorus was higher in the subject given the caffeine. Mean serum magnesium and calcium contents were lower in caffeine group than that of decaffeine one. Mean serum magnesium content for three hour after caffeine ingestion was affected by caffeine consumption(p<0.001). Mean serum content of potassium was unaffected by caffeine consumption. 4) Total urinary four hour excretion of sodium, increased significantly after caffeine consumption(p<0.05), while total urinary four hour excretion of potassium, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium was unchanged after caffeine intake. Urinary excretion of Na, Ca, P and Mg was greatest at one hour after caffeine consumption, especially urinary sodium and potassium excretion was significantly high(p<0.05, p<0.01). The above results show that only 3mg caffeine per kg body weight increase the urinary macro mineral excretion in healthy young females.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.266-276
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• 1997

To investigate the effects of dietary protein and calcium levels on calcium and bone metabolism Sprague-Dawley male growing rats weighting approximately 91.4g were divided into four groups and fed one of the following four experimental diets-15% protein 0.2% calcium ; 15% protein 0.5% calcium ; 30% protein 0.2% calcium ; 30% protein 0.5% calcium-for five weeks. Calcium intake and excretion, apparent calcium absorption were measured and bone densities and mineral contents of femur and scapula were analyzed. Calcium excretion through feces and urine was significantly greater in animals receiving diets of higher calcium. Fecal calcium but not urinary calcium excretion was greater when the protein level was increased from 15% to 30%. Apparent calcium absorption rate was significantly higher with lower calcium intakes. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly higher in 0.2% calcium group than in 0.5% calcium group, while urinary hydroxyproline excretion was essentially same among all experimental groups. Weights and mineral contents or protein. Bone weights were greater, but calcium and ash contents of femur and scapula were lower in animals on the diet containing low calcium and high protein, which suggests that bone metabolism may be affected by the interaction between calcium and protein intake. These results indicate that during growth high protein intake might be beneficial to bone health if the diet is sufficient in calcium, however, if the diet fails to provide an optimum amount of calcium, such practice might be detrimental.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.911-919
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• 1997

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of caffeine levels on calcium utilization in rats of different age and sex. Calcium utilization was compared in rats of different age(4 weeks and 10 months) and sex that were fed various levels of caffeine (0, 3.5, and 7mg/100g body weight) for 3 weeks. There was no significant difference in feed intake, serum calcium level, and ash content in tibia among the groups. Fecal calcium excretion was lower in young rats than in adults, Urinary calcium excretion significantly higher in the caffeine groups than that in the no-caffeine group. Daily retention and apparent absorbability of calcium in young rats were higher than those in adult rats. However, there was no significant difference among groups of different sex and caffeine levels. The results of this study suggest that caffeine consumption promotes urinary calcium excretion.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.242-248
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• 2005

The effect of calcium and boron supplementation on bone strength was determined in growing and ovariectomized (OVX) Sparague-Dawley rats. Rats were divided into 9 groups and fed diet with different intake levels of calcium and boron for 4 weeks. About fifty percentages of rats in each group were OVX and the others were sham-operated. The rats were fed same diets after operation for 8 weeks. The feed intake, body weight gain, and FER were significantly higher in OVX rats than those in sham-operated ones. Serum osteocalcin, bone formation biomarker, was significantly increased with increment in calcium and boron intakes. Serum estradiol was lower in OVX rats than in sham-operated ones. Bone mineral density of femur was significantly lower in OVX rats than in other group. The breaking forces of bones were not significantly different among the groups. The urinary excretion of deoxypyridinoline, osteolytic marker was significantly increased with increment in calcium intake and ovariectomy. The urinary calcium excretion was significantly increased with increment in calcium intake, but decreased with increment in boron intake. According to theses results, the boron supplementation resulted in higher serum osteocalcin and lower urinary calcium excretion. Therefore, it could be suggested that the boron supplementation may be complementary and useful to calcium nutrition for bone health.