• Archives of design research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.123-132
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• 2003

This research has started from a critical mind that raised a question how we will view the minimal tendencies of graphic design in historical context that is newly raised again after the late 1990s. In chapter 1, I examined the main ideas of the twentieth century such as "Less is more", "Less is boring", and "I believe in less and more". In chapter 2, I studied the minimal tendencies and the distinctions in graphic design by chronological order. 1 became to think that the recent minimal tendencies of graphic design appears naturally in the process of newly redefining ones specialty and identity from accepting the rapidly changing of social/cultural/technical changes rather than being temporary trend, Furthermore, I realized that considering the distinctiveness of design field, the research of the forms and styles of design itself is as an important and too much urgent task as the contents or ideological characters of designeological characters of design

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.32-39
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• 2007

Air Transportation industry becomes more competitive that the restriction on new access to market were eased and relaxed. Liberalization of international air transport will continue, via bilateral and multilateral process. Korea, Japan, and China have expanded enormously the economic trade and cultural exchange bilaterally in the Northeast Asia, they are acknowledging the importance and necessity of improved connection, it order to face effectively other regional blocks of US-Canada, NAFTA, ASEAN, CLMV. In particular, nobody denies that it is urgent to liberalize bilaterally the air transport in Northeast Asia for promoting reciprocal benefits and prosperity. Recently while open skies bilateral agreements was signed between Korea-China in June, 2006. The agreements processes are too heavily influenced by flag carriers; leading to capacity/market sharing between the bilateral carriers in most markets, against the interest of consumers and overall economic interest of the nation. For successful operation of Northeast Air Market, it is need to set up development strategy paradigm by creating cross-border sub-regional (Northeast Asian) open skies bloc as well as preparing and creating of LCCs operations.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.135-148
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• 2009

The purpose of this research is to examine changes in Japanese fashion design through analysis of the background and characteristics of 'Japanesque Modern'. With the advent of globalization and pressures to enhance international competitiveness, key players in both Japanese government and industry feel an urgent need to establish a distinctive brand for its products. 'Japanesque Modern' was launched in January 2006 as a nationwide campaign through the support of the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI). 'Japanesque Modern' strives to be a national movement, enhancing Japan's brand image while promoting continuous industrial innovation. 'Japanesque Modern' unites Japanese culture, design, and aesthetics with advanced technology, bringing traditional concepts to enrich contemporary life styles. In order to exemplify the 'Japanesque Modern' ideal, existing market products and content that reflect the concept were selected for the 'Japanesque Modern Collection' by the Japanesque Modern Council. In making these selections, the Council emphasized criteria based on three Japanese spiritual values: Craftsmanship; Manner; and Hospitality. As a result, three designs concepts have emerged in the 'Japanesque Modern Collection': the 'convergent method'; the 'conversion method'; and the 'emphasis method'. This research will explore these design concepts and their relationship to 'Japanesque Modern'.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.127-137
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in suicidal ideation according to general characteristics, and to identify the associated factors of suicidal ideation in rural elderly. Method: We surveyed 168 elderly people using structured questionnaires from March through April, 2013. Data analy was performed using descriptive statistics, ${\chi}^2$ test, Fisher's Exact test, and multiple regression using the SPSS program. Results: Significantly differences in suicidal ideation score were observed according to drinking state(p=.036), sleep state(p=.013), health state(p=.020), and stress state(p=.049). The associated factors identified in this study significantly explained 13.2% of suicidal ideation. Smoking and sleep state were the most significant factors of suicidal ideation. Conclusion: Based on these results, development of programs for promotion of psychological health in order to reduce suicide rates of the elderly is urgent. In particular when focusing on relations between sleep disturbance and suicide, it is considered that nursing intervention will be required to promote quality of sleep in clinical practices and communities.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.911-923
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• 2010

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), cluster based data routing protocols have the advantages of reducing energy consumption and link maintenance cost. Unfortunately, most of clustering protocols have been designed for uniformly distributed sensor networks. However, some urgent situations do not allow thousands of sensor nodes being deployed uniformly. For example, air vehicles or balloons may take the responsibility for deploying sensor nodes hence leading a normally distributed topology. In order to improve energy efficiency in such sensor networks, in this paper, we propose a new cluster formation algorithm named DAEEC (Density Aware Energy-Efficient Clustering). In this algorithm, we define two kinds of clusters: Low Density (LD) clusters and High Density (HD) clusters. They are determined by the number of nodes participated in one cluster. During the data routing period, the HD clusters help the neighbor LD clusters to forward the sensed data to the central base station. Thus, DAEEC can distribute the energy dissipation evenly among all sensor nodes by considering the deployment density to improve network lifetime and average energy savings. Moreover, because the HD clusters are densely deployed they can work in a manner of our former algorithm EEVAR (Energy Efficient Variable Area Routing Protocol) to save energy. According to the performance analysis result, DAEEC outperforms the conventional data routing schemes in terms of energy consumption and network lifetime.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.37-44
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• 2008

The safety assessment for facility industry is now being periodically performed. For the purpose of scientific safety management, QRA(Quantitative Risk Assessment) is also being performed, and reliability data of the facilities is essential to perform the assessment. Generally, the existing safety assessment is performed by using the values announced in other industry processes, which result in the drop of reliability. In order to solve this problem, there is an urgent need to establish reliability database for the facilities. The most appropriate method is to perform a direct reliability analysis towards the facilities undergoing safety assessment. In this study, in compliance with the assessment method and procedure of OREDA-2002 handbook, the facility reliability data are collected, which include the calendar time and operational time in terms of different facility items, the number of failures in terms of different failure mode, the mean, standard deviation, lower limit and upper limit of failure rate, and the failure rate. And the data process method for this special occasion is also proposed when the number of failure is 0.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.84-89
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• 2007

In order to guarantee the safety of the facility systems, one of the essential components is information on mechanical properties of materials used for the construction. However, acquisition or accumulation of the mechanical property data in industrial fields is limited because this operation does not yield profit, excepting few materials production companies. Corresponding to the urgent needs and poor economical features, the MOCIE has founded the National Center for Standard Reference Data in the KRISS and also designated the Data Center of Mechanical Properties for Metallic Materials (DCMP) as a principal operating section. The DCMP plays roles of collection, edition and evaluation of the mechanical data and development of reference standards. In this study, several functions of the DCMP and standardization procedures of mechanical properties data will be introduced the prospective of standard reference researches will be discussed based on active feedbacks from industrial fields.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.89-96
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• 2003

The recent trend of miniaturization and high performance of vehicle engines has put an urgent necessity for the development of valve seats which can operate under more severe conditions. In order to develope valve seat material that has the most excellent wear resistance at operating temperature of engine through improvement of the progress of work. the effects of mixing ratio of the milled powder on sintered and Cu-infiltrated properties of sintered valve seats have been studied. The resultant radial crushing strength and hardness of sintered specimens were gradually increased with increasement of volume of milled powders. It is because increasement of sintering density by increasing of surface diffusion. The hardness of Cu-infiltrated specimens became lower than that of the commercial powders as the increasement of volume of milled powders. It was due to the decrease of the amount of the martensite. By results of this research, It has been found that martensite is formed around of the Cu-infiltrated site and the decrease of the amount of the martensite is due to decrease of the amount of the Cu-infiltrated site by the decrease of gas channel.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.421-449
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• 2000

The objective of this paper is to examine whether it is feasible to introduce an crude oil futures contract on domestic commodity exchange in order to minimize the price risks of imported crude oil. In addition. this study suggests the policy issues to promote futures trading and the alternatives to use foreign energy compares the five criteria to evaluate the feasibility of crude oil futures trading on the domestic exchange. Related to the possibility of successful futures trading of imported crude oil on the domestic exchange, they are evaluated as follows: it is highly possible to succeed for the aspects of price volatility, potential market size or liquidity, and commodity homogeneity; but it is inappropriate for the aspects of deliverable amounts and market power or market structure. Therefore, it is concluded that trading a new futures contract for the underlying imported crude oil on the domestic exchange is inappropriate. For the policy issues and the hedging alternatives, first, it is urgent to establish an atmosphere for futures trading by promoting spot trading. Second, for the case of futures trading on the domestic exchange it is important to consider the simultaneous hedging of crude oil price and foreign exchange risks and mutual offsetting mechanism with major foreign exchanges. Third, for the case of futures trading on foreign exchanges it is reasonable to regard cooperation among concerned companies, government support for futures trading and direct participation into futures trading by the government.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.350-354
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• 2016

There is an urgent need to identify more reliable indicator systems for human pathogenic viruses in water reuse practice. In this study, we determined the response of different bacteriophages representing various bacteriophage groups to different ultraviolet (UV) technologies in real wastewater in order to identify more reliable bacteriophage indicator systems for UV disinfection in wastewater. Bacteriophage ${\varphi}X174$ PRD1, and MS2 in two different real wastewaters were irradiated with several doses of both low pressure (LP) and medium pressure (MP) UV irradiation through bench-scale UV collimated apparatus. The inactivation rate of ${\varphi}X174$ by both LP and MP UV was rapid and reached ${\sim}4{\log}_{10}$ within a UV dose of $20mJ/cm^2$. However, the inactivation rates of bacteriophage PRD1 and MS2 were much slower than the one for ${\varphi}X174$ and only ${\sim}1{\log}_{10}$ inactivation was achieved by the same UV dose of $20mJ/cm^2$. Overall, the results of this study suggest that bacteriophage MS2 could be a reliable indicator for human pathogenic viruses for both LP and MP UV disinfection in wastewater treatment processes and water reuse practice.