• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence of allergic disease among elementary school students in rural and urban areas. Methods: In this study, 1,513 elementary students (1,163 in urban areas, 350 in rural areas) were surveyed. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage of allergic symptoms and $X^2$ test was used to identify differences in the prevalence of allergic symptoms between urban and rural area students. The SAS program was used in the data analysis. Results: There were significant differences in the prevalence of allergic disease according to whether there was a family member with a prior history of allergy symptoms. 48.7% of surveyed students (49.4% in urban, 46.3% in rural) had allergic symptoms. Allergic rhinitis was the most frequent allergic symptom in both urban and rural students. Conclusion: These results suggest that there is a need to prevent and manage allergies among elementary students. The family history should be considered an important factor when a program for allergy prevention and management is developed. Interventions are needed in both areas, especially for students with allergic rhinitis.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.37-45
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify suicidal ideation in high school students in urban and rural areas. Methods: For this research two urban and two rural high schools in four cities were chosen. The participants were 713 students (373 in the urban area, 340 in the rural area). The survey was conducted from June 1 to July 31, 2012. Data were analyzed with chi-square test, t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression using SPSS 18.0. Results: Results showed that 19.5% of respondents had suicidal ideation within the past 1 year. There were significant differences in suicidal ideation and developmental assets between the two areas. Multiple regression analysis revealed that support, school violence, gender, family abuse, constructive use of time, and positive identity were significant predictors and explained 26% of suicidal ideation for high school students in urban areas. On the other hand, in rural areas, family abuse, gender, positive identity, smoking and empowerment were significant predictors and explained 31% of suicidal ideation. Conclusion: The findings indicate that implementation of a suicide prevention program in which consideration is given to these factors, and taking into account differences between urban and rural students would be helpful in reducing suicidal ideation.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.417-427
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate children's nutrient intakes by school lunch. Evaluation of nutrient intakes by school lunch for three days was conducted with 86 children in urban and 64 children in rural of Jeonbuk area. The results of this study were as follows. 1) With respect to amounts of provided nutrients in school lunch, CPF (carbohydrate : protein : fat) energy ratio was 48.6 : 19.7 : 31.6 in urban and was 46.7 : 20.5 : 32.7 in rural. Compared to 1/3 RDA (RDA) of children for 10-12 years, folic acid and zinc were provided below 50 % of RDA. Protein, fat, phosphorus, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, niacin, vitamin C and vitamin E were provided above 125 % of RDA. There were no differences in amounts of provided nutrients-except calcium, vitamin A, vitamin $B_6$, folic acid and zinc-between urban and rural. 2) With respect to amounts of nutrient intakes, CPF energy ratio was 51.1 : 17.4 : 31.5 in urban and 47.5 : 19.7 : 32.7 in rural. Compared to RDA, folic and zinc were below 50 % of RDA. Iron and vitamin $B_6$ were below 75 % of RDA. Protein, fat, phosphorus and vitamin E were above 125 % of RDA. There were significant differences in nutrient intakes between urban and rural. The children in rural showed higher levels of nutrient intakes-energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, vitamins and folic acid-compared to those of children in urban. These results suggest that programs are needed for providing adequate nutrient intakes for children in school lunch and for improving nutrient intakes of children in urban.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.495-507
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• 2021

Objectives: This study examined regional differences in the intake of dietary total fat and saturated fatty acid (SFA) and their food sources among Korean adults. We also investigated the associations of SFA intake with metabolic diseases by region. Methods: This study included 13,926 adults (≥ 19y) who participated in the 2016 ~ 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. The regions were divided into urban and rural areas according to the administrative districts where the participants lived. Using dietary data obtained from a 24-h recall, intake of total fat and SFA and their food sources were assessed by region. Metabolic diseases included obesity, abdominal obesity, and elevated total cholesterol and their association with SFA intake by region were examined using multiple logistic regression. Results: Of the participants, 19.6% lived in rural areas. In urban areas, the total fat and SFA intakes were higher than in rural areas: 21.2% of energy (%E) came from total fat and 6.9%E from SFA in urban areas, whereas 18.0%E came from total fat and 5.8%E from SFA in rural areas. The percentage of participants who exceeded the dietary reference intakes for total fat and SFA in urban areas was 16.5% and 41.9%, respectively, but 43.4% of participants in rural areas showed lower intake levels for total fat compared to the reference level. Young adults did not show regional differences in fat intake, and the percentage of subjects who exceeded the reference for SFA was high both in urban (58.5%) and rural (55.7%) areas. Among middle-aged and older adults, intake of fatty acids except for n-3 fatty acid was significantly higher in urban areas than in rural areas. About 69% of older adults in rural areas showed a lower intake of total fat compared to the reference level. The food sources for total fat and SFA were meat, soybean oil, eggs, and milk in both areas. The intake of fat from eggs, milk, mayonnaise, and bread was higher in urban areas, but the intake of fat from white rice and coffee mix was higher in rural areas. The SFA intake was positively associated with elevated serum total cholesterol in urban areas (4th quartile vs. 1st quartile, OR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.06-1.40, P for trend: 0.043), but not in rural areas. Conclusions: Regional differences in total fat and SFA intakes and their food sources were observed among Korean adults. Our findings may help plan nutritional strategies to ameliorate regional health disparities.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.29-39
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• 2001

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate and compare the growth, blood pressure, and s-cholesterol of urban and rural students in Korea. Methods: April 1999, We examined the students' health of a boys high school and a girls high school in a urban area - Jeonju, Korea.(boys were 317, girls were 343). And we also examined the students' health of a high school in a rural area - Gimje, Korea.(boys were 33, girls wee 36). Height, body-weight, Body Mass Index(BMI)I, blood pressure, and s-cholesterole were checked and compared between two groups. Results and Conclusion: The mean of height in urban students was $165.25{\pm}7.79cm$, and that in rural students was $163.77{\pm}8.72cm$. There was no significant difference stastically between two groups. The mean of body-weight in urban students $(57.78{\pm}10.51kg)$ was significantly higher than that in rural students $(54.71{\pm}10.11kg)$)(p<0.05). The mean of body mass index(BMI) in urban students $(21.12{\pm}3.27kg/m2)$ was significantly higher than that in rural students $(20.30{\pm}2.69kg/m2)$(p<0.05). Obese students $(BMI{\geq}27)$ were 31(4.70%) in urban students, 3(4.35%) in rural students. The mean of systolic blood pressure in rural students $(114.99{\pm}9.50mmHg)$ was significantly higher than that in urban students $(111.89{\pm}12.42mmHg)$(p<0.05) The mean of diastolic blood pressure in rural students$(75.72{\pm}9.90mmHg)$ was very significantly higher than that of urban students $(68.45{\pm}9.40mmHg)$(p<0.001). Hypertensives (${\geq}138/86mmHg\;in\;boys,\;{\geq}130/83mmHg$ in girls) were 28(4.24%) in urban students, 13(18.84%) in rural students. The mean of s-cholesterol in urban students was $174.95{\pm}32.28mg/dL$, and that in rural students was $176.81{\pm}33.18mg/dL$. There was no significant difference stastically between two groups. Hypercholesterolemias (${\geq}198mg/dL$ in boys, ${\geq}212mg/dL$ in girls) were 130(19.70%) in urban students, 14(20.89%) in rural students. These results suggest that there are differences in body weight, BMI, and diastolic blood pressure between urban and rural students and that it is necessary to consider these differences in health examination.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.45-58
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the maternal child rearing behaviors and home environmental variables related with children's self-esteem in urban and rural community. Subjects were 435 boys and girls enrolled in grade 4, 5, 6 and their mothers from five public elementary schools in Chonan city and Naju city. The instruments for the study were coopersmith's Self Esteem Inventory Korean Maternal Behavior Inventory and questionnaire on home environmental variables. The data were analyzed by Pearson's one-way ANOVA t-test and Duncan post hoc test. The major findings were as follows: 1. Children's self esteem and 'Affection' and 'Achievement' of maternal child rearing behaviors were a positive correlation. 2. Children's self esteem of urban community was higher than that of rural community. Maternal child rearing behaviors of urban community was 'Achievement' of maternal child rearing behaviors were a positive correlation. 2. Children's self e teem of urban community was higher than that of rural community. Maternal child rearing behaviors of urban community was 'Active Involvement' and that of rural community were 'Authoritaran Control', 'Overprotection' and 'Achievement' 3. There were no differences in children's self esteem with family size. 4. There were significant differences in children's self esteem with parent's educational leveland monthly family income; the higher parent's educational level and the more monthly family income the higher children's self-esteem. 5. There were also significant differences in maternal child rearing behaviors 5. There were also significant differences in maternal child rearing behaviors with 'Achievement' by parent's age monthly family income and family size in 'Reasoning Guidance' and 'Active Involvement' by parent's educational level. in 'Authoritarian Control' and 'Overprotection' by monthly family income and in 'Reasoning Guidance' and 'Authoritarian Control' by family size.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.553-565
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to segment urban farming patterns and analyse the preference on urban farming by applying two-step cluster analysis, chi-square analysis and ANOVA. The data was collected by face-to-face surveys on 9 urban farms which were chosen by location and operator. Respondents were asked to describe their urban farming pattern, preference on urban farming and socio-demographic characteristics. Three different clusters were derived from two-step cluster analysis based on operator, transportation, number of visits per month, travel time, area and motive. They were 'hobby-oriented farming', 'producing-oriented farming', and 'multipurpose farming'. The results of chi-square analysis showed that there were significant differences among these three segmented groups in terms of age, with or without children aged under 14, household income per month and housing type. In other words, there is quite a possibility that urbanites have different urban farming patterns according to their socio-demographic profiles. Also, there were significant differences on the preference on urban farming by cluster. According to the results, planning directions of urban farming were presented.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.465-475
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• 2016

This study was conducted to provide basic data regarding the safety of Hwaseong for women. Data regarding sexual violence awareness and damages were collected from 514 women aged 20 to 65 living in Hwaseong. The results were then compared with national survey data from the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family in 2010 and 2013. Hwaseong is a wide city composed of an urban and urban-rural complex. Data were analyzed to identify regional differences between urban and urban-rural complexes and educational differences between below college graduates and above university graduates. The ratios of awareness of sexual violence behavior, laws, and services were somewhat lower than the 2013 national research ratios. Second, women in the urban-rural complex showed a higher awareness of sexual violence behaviors and higher level of sexual violence myths. Third, the tendencies of sexual violence damages were similar to the 2013 national research. Fourth, women with higher education showed a higher level of sexual violence myths and a higher ratio of sexual violence damage.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.650-660
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to compare the rainfall-runoff characteristics in streams of classified urban and rural watershed using land use and population density. EMC (event mean concentration) of BOD, COD, TP and SS increased significantly in urban and rural watershed, but that of TN remained unchanged. Although there were no significant differences in EMC of BOD, COD, TN, TP depending on the watershed characteristics, EMC of BOD and COD significantly increased in the urban watershed, while EMC of TP increased in the rural watershed. In the urban watershed, the first flush time was faster and the first flush effect was stronger in BOD, COD, and TP. However, the difference between cumulative mass and cumulative volume was found to be less than 0.2 in the rural watershed, indicating a weak first flush effect. The discharged masses of BOD (70 %), COD (64 %), and TP (66 %) in the first flush of runoff were higher in urban watershed, while TN (67 %) was higher in rural watershed. The reproducibility of first flush time and the strength of first flush using CV (coefficient of variation) was found to be more reproducible for first flush time in both watersheds. In rural watershed, the CV value of first flush time for TP out of water quality parameters was lower. Whereas the CV values of first flush time for BOD, COD and TP in urban watersheds were similar.

• 한국농촌간호학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.11-20
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• 2006

Purpose: To compare of health inequalities between rural and urban areas in term of health status, health behaviors and medical care utilization by using national-wide data. Method: The data came from the 2000 and 2005 census data, 2004 death certification statistics and 2001 national health and nutrition survey. The health indicators used in this study were mortality, perceived health status, health related behaviors, morbidity, accidents and suicides, mental health-related factors, health care accessibility. Korean rural areas have been experiencing a rapid aging process and there are demographic differences between rural and urban populations. Thus, both of crude rates and age-adjusted rates were compared. Result: Although the degrees decreased after adjustment for age, health inequalities between areas still existed. The people who lived in rural areas suffer from higher mortality, morbidity and unhealthy behavior compared to people in urban areas. Especially, regional health inequalities for women were significant. Health care accessibility in rural areas was also lower and medical indirect costs for rural residents were higher than those of urban residents. Conclusion: To reduce health inequalities between geographical areas, political efforts to tackle health inequalities in the rural areas are required.