• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.51-59
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• 2004

Focusing on WBGT(Wet Bulb Globe Thermometer Index) according to the LAI(Leaf Area Index) variation of trees, this study verifies the effects of urban shade trees on the outdoor thermal environment. As for methodology, air$.$globe temperature, air humidity and WBGT were measured under three shade trees whose LAIs were 2.1, 4.0 and 8.2 respectively at midday(12:00-13:00) of 14 sunny days from the 4th through the 29th day of September 2003. Those factors were also measured at the unshaded areas and compared with the values of shaded areas. The measured site was paved with interlocking concrete bricks. The measurements were analyzed through the ANCOV A(Analysis of Covariance) and the regression routines of SPSS11 for windows (SPSS Inc., 2001). The major findings were as follows. 1. The direct correlation between WBGT and LAI was very low. On the contrary, the WBGT showed close correlation with air$.$globe temperature and air humidity, and the LAI also showed very close correlation with globe temperature. These results tell that dominant shading effect by the tree is on the screening of direct solar radiation which lower the globe temperature and WBGT consequently. 2. While the average globe temperatures and WBGT at unshadowed area were 40.4$^{\circ}C$ and 26.2$^{\circ}C$ respectively, the former under the shade tree with LAI 2.1, 4.0 and 8.2 were 34.5$^{\circ}C$, 32.6$^{\circ}C$ and 30.2$^{\circ}C$, and the latter were 24.6$^{\circ}C$, 24$^{\circ}C$ and 23.4$^{\circ}C$ respectively. 3. The relationship between LAI(x) and WBGT(y) can be presented with the following equation: y = 24.23+1.53 $e^{-x}$+0.36x $e^{-x}$+0.46 $x^2$ $e^{-x}$ ($R^2$ =.98) =.98)

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2016

Objectives: Personal exposure to air pollution is affected by contact over time and by location. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between personal exposure to $PM_{2.5}$ and the time-activity patterns of the elderly in urban and rural areas. Methods: A total of 44 elderly participants were recruited for a 24-hour $PM_{2.5}$ personal exposure measurement. Twenty-four were from Seoul (urban area) and 20 were from Asan (rural area). Energy expenditure and spatiotemporal positioning were monitored through $PM_{2.5}$ measurement. Spearman correlation analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between $PM_{2.5}$ and time-activity pattern. Results: Daily average $PM_{2.5}$ personal exposures were $19.1{\pm}9.7{\mu}g/m^3$ in Seoul and $29.1{\pm}16.9{\mu}g/m^3$ in Asan. Although outdoor exposure was higher in Seoul than in Asan, residential indoor exposure was higher in Asan than in Seoul. Higher $PM_{2.5}$ personal exposure in Asan could be explained by longer time in residential indoor environments and higher indoor $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations. Seoul elderly had higher energy expenditure, which may be due to the use of mass transportation. Conclusion: Personal exposure to $PM_{2.5}$ was higher among Asan elderly than Seoul elderly because of high residential indoor concentrations and longer residential time. Lack of energy spent and higher personal exposure to $PM_{2.5}$ might have led to higher risk among the Asan elderly.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.15-29
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to examine modern people's lifestyle and identify their needs by analyzing clothing behavior through city nomads' attitudes in dairy life, tastes, and methods to pursue in their life. This study tries to understand substitute values as ethical life emerging recently, free life style of mental emotion, clothing behaviors, and fashion style represented by the results. Upon observing city nomads' fashion trend, tunics symbolizing flexibility and comfort and simultaneously reflect colors in a monk style or from basic items that have been used. City nomads' fashion trend also reveals androgynous freeness-and-easiness. City nomads reflect a folksy inspiration, and different cultural perspectives appear in a mixed fashion. Multi-purpose gypsy/boho style is ideal for traveling and occupying smaller spaces in line with the nomadic lifestyle reflectings an American casual image partially by way of gypsy or bohemian nuances. Motorcycle jeans symbolizing functionality for traveling are becoming a part of everyday life. The fashions discussed are categorized as urban, tourer, sports and road. Everyday sportswear - athleisure - is attracting attention enabling a healthy and sound lifestyle. Athleisure is fashion wear harmonizing workplace with leisure, and everyday life and social gatherings. Athleisure represents a significant collapse of the boundary of high fashion and street fashion. Urban- tech wear is light and enables modern people to perform garment and gear functions simultaneously, making storage useful using various technical devices by elevating activity and functionality. Urban outdoor fashion holding functionality and adding modern fashion in appearance has appeared.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2012

Human thermal sensation based on a human energy balance model was analyzed in the study areas, the Changwon and Nanaimo sites, on clear days during thesummer of 2009. The climatic input data were air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and solar and terrestrial radiation. The most effective factors for human thermal sensation were direct beam solar radiation, building view factor and wind speed. Shaded locations had much lower thermal sensation, slightly warm, than sunny locations, very hot. Also, narrow streets in the Nanaimo site had higher thermal sensation than open spaces because of greater reflected solar radiation and terrestrial radiation from their surrounding buildings. Calm wind speed also produced much higher thermal sensation, which reduced sensible and latent heat loss from the human body. By adopting climatic factors into landscape architecture, the human thermal sensation analysis method promises to help create thermally comfortable outdoor areas. The method can also be used for urban heat island modification and climate change studies.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.295-304
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• 2023

Background: Adolescents are relatively more sensitive than adults to exposure to indoor pollutants. The indoor air quality in classrooms where students spend time together must therefore be managed at a safe level because it can affect the health of students. Objectives: In this study, three types of green-wall models were applied to classrooms where students spend a long time in a limited space, and the resulting effects on reducing PM were evaluated. Methods: In the middle school classrooms which were selected as the experimental subjects, IoT-based indoor air quality monitoring equipment was installed for real-time monitoring. Three types of plant models (passive, active, and active+light) were installed in each classroom to evaluate the effects on improving indoor air quality. Results: The concentration of PM in the classroom is influenced by outdoor air quality, but repeated increases and decreases in concentration were observed due to the influence of students' activities. There was a PM reduction effect by applying the green-wall model. There was a difference in PM reduction efficiency depending on the type of green-wall model, and the reduction efficiency of the active model was higher than the passive model. Conclusions: The active green-wall model can be used as an efficient method of improving indoor air quality. Additionally, more research is needed to increase the efficiency of improving indoor air quality by setting conditions that can stimulate the growth of each type of plant.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.1-15
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• 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted societies, particularly the elderly with higher susceptibility and mobility constraints. This study investigates COVID-19's influence on elderly travel at subway stations using card data. Analyzing pre/post-COVID-19 data via multilinear regression, we found factors like subway transfer lines, presence of rivers, the area of traditional markets, number of traditional Korean medicine clinics, number of cultural facilities, and number of large commercial facilities correlated positively with elderly travel. Post-COVID-19, effects of variables related to public transportation and employment, and indoor leisure facilities decreased, while the effects of outdoor and traditional culture-related facilities increased. These findings indicate significant pandemic-induced alterations in the mobility patterns of senior citizens in Seoul, highlighting shifts towards safer, more accessible environments.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.65-71
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• 2002

Recently, the space organization of Korean-Chinese houses is different from that of other territories. The characteristics of eating and dinning space for Korean-Chinese Multi-family Housing are as follows ; ⅰ) The most obvious change in Korean-Chinese urban housing style was seen in kitchen space, which can be classify three types such as traditional type, improved type, and LDK type on the bases of heating and cooking method. ⅱ) Special feature of Korean-Chinese housing in Yanji city was that kitchen fulfilled important functions such as heating, cooking, dinning, sleeping, bathing and washing. Since then, each function was separated and functions of kitchen were cut down after all. iii) The arrangement of kitchen space have changeed according to the change of heating fuel, heating system, equipment, relatcd policy, etx. Multi-function kitchen discovered only in Yanji had lasted until 1980's by equipping heating floor system, which is suitable for sit-down living style. In 1990's, this kitchen style was prohibited legally, and the balcony area of kitchen widened due to the abolition of outdoor storehouse for foodstuff.

• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1995.10a
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• pp.373-374
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• 1995

• Journal of The Korean Digital Architecture Interior Association
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.47-57
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to propose the design elements useful to give place identity to street space. The theory for place identity is studied and the components-Physical element, Sense, Program, Activity, Context-for identity of place is created. In the case study of SamcheongdongGil, the qualitative research method of Free Picturing Technique and Cognitive Mapping is executed and the samples gathered from the research are analyzed. In the process of analysis, the contents of qualitative evaluation by users is put in order as components for identity of place. Moreover, the design elements for street space are extracted from the case study and theories of urban design. The design elements are summarized as the followings: street pattern with high permeability, various streetscapes, greenscapes, semi public(private) spaces, the third places, public arts, transparent facades, and outdoor activities. Finally, the fruits and boundary of this study are described and the importance of place identity is.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.17-24
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• 2005

상업간판은 단순한 광고목적 외에 도시의 시각이미지를 구성하는 도시환경구성요소 중 하나이다. 또한 건축물의 주요한 구성부분이며 주민에게는 환경적 즐거움을 주어야 하는 의무가 있으며 보행자로 하여금 강제적으로 주목을 끌게 해야 하는 상업적 목적을 가지고 있다. 그러나 본래의 목적과 달리 하나의 도시환경저해요소로서 문제점을 유발하기도 한다. 이러한 문제점들을 시정하기 위한 주민과 자치단체의 상업간판 환경개선을 위한 시도와 이에 따른 결과를 살펴보면서 환경개선을 위한 시도가 결과적으로 주민과 도시환경 모두에게 어떠한 영향을 끼쳤는지를 살펴보았다. 현재 한국의 간판게시규정은 중앙집권적 규율하의 기본규정과 비효과적인 부처간의 상이한 규정 및 하급세부규정의 미비에 기인하여 상업간판의 난립상황을 초래하였다. 아울러 살펴본 일본, 미국, 프랑스에서 적용하고 있는 기본규정도 한계가 있음을 살펴보았으며 따라서 어떠한 개선방향이 주민과 자치단체 양자에게 이익을 주고있는지를 살펴보았다. 효과적인 간판설치규정의 제정은 불가능하지만 규정은 제정하되 무엇보다 자발적인 주민들의 참여와 건축가, 사용자, 자치단체 사이의 주의로운 조화가 필요함을 살펴보았다.