• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.7-10
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• 1984

Mulberry Seedlings germinated and grown under green house conditions were inoculated with Glomus mosseae, Mosse and Trappe (a Kind of Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae) prior to outplanting into unsterilized soil. They were grown on phosphate deficient soil for 6 months after planting. Shoot length, stem diameter and leaf yield of the inoculated plants were found to be significantly greater than uninoculated ones. It was observed in foliar mineral content that the levels of N, P$_2$O$\sub$5/, CaO of the inoculated plants were higher but the level of MgO of the inoculated plants was lower than the uninoculated ones. In the mineral content of roots, it was observed that the level of P$_2$O$\sub$5/ was higher but the level of N was lower significantly in the inoculated plants than the uninoculated ones.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.600-607
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• 2017

The total acidity (TA) of Makgeolli was affected by suspended solids and $CO_2$ produced during the fermentation process. Nine Makgeollis (four sterilized and five unsterilized Makgeollis) were collected in the market, and their TAs were compared before and after filtration and $CO_2$ removal. TAs of sterilized Makgeollis were 0.379~0.477%, which significantly decreased to 0.167~0.225% after filtration and 0.132~0.170% after $CO_2$ removal (P<0.05). TAs of unsterilized Makgeollis were 0.412~0.467% and decreased to 0.157~0.365% after filtration and 0.143~0.280% after $CO_2$ removal (P<0.05). TAs of Makgeollis were compared by three methods using different indicators. The TAs of sterilized and unsterilized Makgeollis were 0.105~0.123% and 0.105~0.200%, respectively, by bromthymol blue+neutral red (light green), 0.129~0.154% and 0.130~0.255%, respectively, by phenolphthalein (faint pink), and 0.120~0.146% and 0.130~0.232%, respectively, by bromthymol (blue). Nowadays, Makgeolli is commercialized with various distinct colors, and thus it is important to select appropriate indicators for proper titration endpoint identification for TA measurement. The compositions of organic acids profiles varied depending on sterilized or unsterilized Makgeollis, in which oxalic acid (0.108~0.329 mg/mL), malic acid (ND to 0.134 mg/mL), lactic acid (0.127~0.776 mg/mL), and citric acid (ND to 1.159 mg/mL) were found, and lactic acid was in unsterilized more than sterilized Makgeollis.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.228-235
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• 1977

The yeast strain was isolated from food industry waste water and its identification and biological characteristics were investigated. The optimum condition for cultivations and its activities for the reduction of B.O.D. on the food industry waste water were also confirmed. The results are as follows; 1) The isolated was identified as Candida curvata. 2) Candida curvata grew well in all of the experimented media, so and it can be regarded as a useful strain in the treatment of food industry waste water. 3) There was only a slight difference in the induction period between sterilized cultivation and unsterilized cultivation. But in the ice cream waste water, the period was considerably longer in unsterilized cultivation. 4) Specific rate of growth of Candida curvata in sugar waste water was 0.50/hr, ice cream waste water 0.50/hr, and beer waste water 1.0/hr. 5) Increasing of innoculum reduced the induction period in unsterilized cultivation. 6) The amount of dried yeast from sugar waste water were $175mg/{\ell}$, ice cream waste water $628mg/{\ell}$, and beer waste water $857mg/{\ell}$. Crude protein content in the dried yeast from sugar waste water were 52%, ice cream waste water 54%, and beer waste water 54%. 7) The rate of BOD reduction in sugar waste water were 49%, ice cream waste water 80%, and beer waste water 64%.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.149-154
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• 2012

The adsorption and desorption behavior of biofilter-medium was investigated on the performance of an adsorption column. Continuous flow-isothermal adsorption experiments were performed to treat waste air containing such a VOC as ethanol under the same condition of > 90% relative humidity as the condition of the feed to a biofilter process. In case of feeding waste air containing ethanol of 1,000 ppmv (or 2,050 mg ethanol/$m^3$) to the adsorption system at the rate of 2 L/min, the onsets of its breakthrough and reaching the state of dynamic equilibrium at the exit had been delayed 10 and 3 times, respectively, later than those at the 1st stage sampling port. Moreover, in case of 2,000 ppmv (or 4,100 mg ethanol/$m^3$), they had been delayed 9 and 3 times, respectively. Thus, regardless of feeding concentration, the ratios of delaying period were observed to be quite consistent each other at the exit of the adsorption column. With regard to the period of desorption, the ratios of delaying period were consistent each other to be 1.5 for both cases. In addition, the effect of microbial activity and sterilization-process was studied on adsorption equilibrium. The ethanol concentration in the vapor phase of vials packed with sterilized granular activated carbon (GAC) was quite consistent to that with unsterilized GAC. However, the ethanol concentrations in the vapor phase of vials packed with unsterilized compost and the unsterilized mixture of GAC and compost were higher than those with sterilized compost and the sterilized mixture of GAC and compost, respectively.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.9
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• pp.1453-1464
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• 2023

Objective: This study investigated the changes in bacterial communities within decomposing swine microcosms, comparing soil with or without intact microbial communities, and under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Methods: The experimental microcosms consisted of four conditions: UA, unsterilized soil-aerobic condition; SA, sterilized soil-aerobic condition; UAn, unsterilized soil-anaerobic condition; and San, sterilized soil-anaerobic condition. The microcosms were prepared by mixing 112.5 g of soil and 37.5 g of ground carcass, which were then placed in sterile containers. The carcass-soil mixture was sampled at day 0, 5, 10, 30, and 60 of decomposition, and the bacterial communities that formed during carcass decomposition were assessed using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Results: A total of 1,687 amplicon sequence variants representing 22 phyla and 805 genera were identified in the microcosms. The Chao1 and Shannon diversity indices varied in between microcosms at each period (p<0.05). Metagenomic analysis showed variation in the taxa composition across the burial microcosms during decomposition, with Firmicutes being the dominant phylum, followed by Proteobacteria. At the genus level, Bacillus and Clostridium were the main genera within Firmicutes. Functional prediction revealed that the most abundant Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes metabolic functions were carbohydrate and amino acid metabolisms. Conclusion: This study demonstrated a higher bacteria diversity in UA and UAn microcosms than in SA and SAn microcosms. In addition, the taxonomic composition of the microbial community also exhibited changes, highlighting the impact of soil sterilization and oxygen on carcass decomposition. Furthermore, this study provided insights into the microbial communities associated with decomposing swine carcasses in microcosm.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.127-132
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate of changes for organic acids in takju during storage conditions. Two types of takju, unsterilized and sterilized, were used. Acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid and succinic acid were detected in sample. Residues of malic acid was not detected after 7 days storage in room temperature($25^{\circ}C$). In contrast to lactic acid was increased by times after storage. Acetic acid concentrations was gradually increased in room temperature but was not changed in cold temperature($4^{\circ}C$). After storage for 10 days, the organic acid residues lactic acid > citric acid > succinic acid > malic acid > acetic acid in unsterilized takju. Compared to unsterilized sample, organic acid residues in sterilized sample was not significantly changed. Consequently, organic acids residues mainly affected by sterilization.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.479-485
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• 2000

In this study, the chamber size was designed and manufactured so as to make a resonance with microwaves in sterilizing moisture-contained food by making good use of microwaves. When the green-pea jelly which was made and sterilized for experimental usage with no addition of an antiseptic was left in the room temperature for 1 minute, 2 minutes or 3 minutes respectively, resulted in delaying more greatly the procession of change in quality of food for almost 7 to 15 days than in unsterilized food. As a result of experiment conducted above, it is considered to produce good results of decreasing the resource waste and environmental pollution, by lengthening the period of preservation and circulation of food.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.26 no.4 s.87
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• pp.416-423
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• 1998

The fungicidal effects of four commercial fungicides, two herbicides and two insecticides have been examined on Fusarium udum, causing wilt disease of pigeonpea in vitro and in vivo. The fungicides Bavistin and MeMc inhibited the growth of the test pathogen completely at 8 and 30 ppm. The herbicide Butachlore inhibited the growth of the test pathogen up to 80.4%. The insecticides, Ekalux and Thiodane partially inhibited the radial growth at 1000 ppm. In unsterilized and sterilized soil MeMc was most effective in controlling the disease in comparison to Bavistin and Ekalux. Maximum rhizosphere fungal population was recorded in MeMc amended soil and minimum in case of Bavistin.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.644-648
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• 2000

Biological fixation of carbon dioxide using microalgae is known as an effective CO$_2$reduction technology. However, many environmental factors influence microalgal productivity. Optimal cultivation factors were determined for the green alga, Euglena gracilis Z, which offers high protein and vitamin E content for animal fodder. In batch culture in a photovioreactor, it was found that theinitial pH, temperature, CO$_2$concentration in air, and light intensity during the optimal cultivating conditions were 3.5, 27$^{\circ}C$, 5-10% and 520 ${\mu}$mol/㎡/s, respectively. When tap water and freshwater were used as cultivating media unsterilized tap water was found to be effective. A kinetic model was considered to determine the relationship between the specific growth rate and the light intensity. The half-velocity coefficient (K(sub)I) in the Monod model under photoautotrophic conditions was 978.9 ${\mu}$mol/㎡/s.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.559-568
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• 2015

Kimchi is a traditional Korean vegetable product that is naturally fermented by various microorganisms present in the raw materials. Among these microorganisms, lactic acid bacteria dominate the fermentation process. Natural fermentation with unsterilized raw materials leads to the growth of various lactic acid bacteria, resulting in variations in the taste and quality of kimchi, which may make it difficult to produce industrial-scale kimchi with consistent quality. The use of starter cultures has been considered as an alternative for the industrial production of standardized kimchi, and recent trends suggest that the demand for starter cultures is on the rise. However, several factors should be carefully considered for the successful application of starter cultures for kimchi fermentation. In this review, we summarize recent studies on kimchi starter cultures, describe practical problems in the application of industrial-scale kimchi production, and discuss the directions for further studies.