• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.11-15
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• 2002

Activities of venter frontalis, corrugator, levator labii superioris and greater zygomatic muscles were measured for five male subjects while they made pleasant, unpleasant and neutral facial expressions, and while they were presented pleasant, disgusting, and neutral odors. Pleasant expression and odor activated zygomatic muscles while unpleasant expression and odor increased corrugator muscle activity.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.555-564
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• 2002

The purpose of this research was to analysis compounds of unpleasant odor from the cotton fabrics in dehydration and drying process during washing. The cotton fabrics were treated with various commercial detergents and fabric softener or cationic surfactants such as Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide(CTAB) and Benzalkonium chloride(BC), then dehydrated and dried. The compounds of odor impregnated in fabric were detected by using CC-MS. The results are as follows: The fabrics treated with a powder-type detergent, CTAB and BC gave out compounds unpleasant odor. n-Butyraldehyde and isobutyaldehyde produced during microorganism growth were revealed as source of the compounds of the unpleasant odor. However, no aldehydes were detected from the fabrics treated with commercial fabric softener which seems to act as a deodorizer.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.569-573
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• 2016

The effectiveness of various additives in reduction of an unpleasant odor and inhibition of Bacillus cereus growth in Cheonggukjang (CKJ) was investigated. Sensory evaluations of unpleasant odor intensity and taste preference for CKJ were conducted with a 5-point scale. Raw CKJ was rated to have the highest unpleasant odor intensity, followed by CKJ-salt, CKJ-wood vinegar salt, CKJ-red pepper seed oil, and CKJ-bamboo salt in the given order. The test panel had a greater preference for CKJ-red pepper seed oil than for the other CKJ products. The addition of bamboo salt to CKJ was the most effective in inhibition of B. cereus growth in comparison to the other three additives. Volatile compounds in CKJ and CKJ-bamboo salt were identified by GC/MS analysis. 1-Ethoxy-1-methoxy-ethane was responsible for the pleasant odor and its level significantly increased in CKJ-bamboo salt. Consequently, adding bamboo salt to CKJ not only masked and reduced the unpleasant odor, but also inhibited B. cereus growth in CKJ.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.781-792
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• 2002

Microorganisms living in clothing cause damage to fabric as well as unhygienic conditions with unpleasant odor fur wearers. Removal or growth of microorganisms are affected by the conditions during washing and storage. The purpose of this research was to study the consumer's knowledge and habits in laundering with respect to microorganisms in clothing. For survey method, questionnaires were administered to 580 housewives, age of 20∼60s living in Seoul. Employing 479 respondents, the data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics. The results are as follows: The level of knowledge about microorganisms of clothing was high in general, but wasn't expert level. Many people had experienced damages of textiles, clothing and unpleasant odor due to microorganisms. Fabric softeners and bleaches were rarely used for disinfection but usually used for antistatic, whitening or removal of stains. There was no relationship between laundering habits, the knowledge of microorganism, and experience of clothing damage by microorganism.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 2001

For the odor test, it was chosen the conventional spreader, the hose spreader, and its combination with disk harrow and spring harrow as a slurry spreader. By the odor tester (Kalmor-$\sum$) with dairy slurry, the conventional spreader has the average $\sum$ value of 270, which means that one fells substantial odor and torment. In the cases of hose spreader and its combination with disk harrow, $\sum$ value was 217 and 182 respectively, which means a normal person does not smell any odor. Spreading the swine slurry with a conventional spreader shows $\sum$ value of 440, which means one feels unpleasant. The hose spreader shows $\sum$ value of 258, which lies in the limit one feels some odor and torment. Its combination with disk harrow has $\sum$ value 184, which means that a normal person can not smell any more. For the conventional spreader, the odor intensity indices from air dilution sensual test and 3 point odor bag as a sensual test were 66.9 and 35.4 respectively. On the other hand, the indices were 9.65 and 11.10 by hose spreader and its combination with disk harrow, which were lower than that of the regulation for industry. Therefore, the developed hose spreader showed an excellent effect on decreasing odor. The correlation between the results from odor tester and 3 point odor bag has shown 0.997 by swine slurry.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-38
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• 2020

This paper examines how South Korean government regulators and environmental scientists endeavored to improve the environmental quality of Seoul in preparation for the Olympic Games in 1988. When Seoul was nominated as a host city of the Summer Games in 1981, it was suffering from severe environmental pollution. The municipal government of Seoul and the Ministry of Environment initiated a series of pollution survey projects, which were followed by relevant regulatory procedures. One of the outcomes of these projects was the beginning of odor pollution regulation that used the Environmental Official Testing Method. Although the Pollution Prevention Act of 1963 made odor pollution such as unpleasant order, stench, and stink subject to environmental regulation, proper administrative procedures to reduce odor pollution were not in place until the 1980s. In order to reduce odor pollution in urban areas, governmental officers and environmental scientists tried to regulate odor-causing chemicals from factories. In June 1988, however, severe odor pollution was detected not from factories but from unregulated areas in Seoul, such as the waterside parks of the Han river, the downtown, and the marketplaces. The local regulators and scientists were concerned that the odor pollution could make a "wrong" impression on foreign athletes and visitors about the degree of "modernity" of Korea. This paper shows that the 1988 Summer Olympics was a transition point in the early history of odor regulation in South Korea, when the scope of odor regulation could be expanded.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.306-312
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• 2018

In a previous study, we have demonstrated that S-methylmethionine sulfonium (SMMS) confers wound-healing and photoprotective effects on the skin, suggesting that SMMS can be used as a cosmetic raw material. However, it has an unpleasant odor. Therefore, in the present study, we synthesized odor-free SMMS derivatives by eliminating dimethyl sulfide, which is the cause of the unpleasant odor and identified two derivatives that exhibited skin-protective effects: one derivative comprised (2S,4S)- and (2R,4S)-2-phenylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid and the other comprised (2S,4R)-, (2S,4S)-, (2R,4R)-, and (2R,4S)-2-phenyl-1,3-thiazinane-4-carboxylic acid. We performed in vitro proliferation assays using human dermal fibroblasts (hDFs) and an immortalized human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). The two SMMS derivatives were shown to increase hDF and HaCaT cell proliferation as well as improve their survival by protecting against ultraviolet exposure. Moreover, the derivatives regulated the expression of collagen type I and MMP mRNAs against ultraviolet exposure in hDFs, suggesting that these derivatives can be developed as cosmetic raw materials.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.308-312
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• 2001

본 연구에서는 사상관련전위인 수반음성변동(CNV)을 이용하여 쾌/불쾌 향의 영향을 평가하고자 하였다. 즉, 건강한 20대 성인을 대상으로 쾌한 향(레몬)과 불쾌한 향(E3) 자극에 따른 CNV의 전기성분 및 후기성분의 변화를 대뇌부위별, 가산횟수별로 비교 분석하였고, 쾌/불쾌 향의 자극 반복에 따른 주관적 평가도 부가하여 검토하였다. 그 결과, 쾌/불쾌 향은 CNV 후기성분의 중심엽 부위에서 10∼15회 가산평균의 경우 정량적으로 구별될 수 있는 가능성을 보였고, 주관적인 평가에서는 반복 자극횟수가 증가함에 따라 쾌/불쾌감이 저하하는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.409-414
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• 2000

Catalytic combustion of acetaldehyde has been investigated as a representative of unpleasant odor by its reaction with metal-phthalocyanines(PC). The experiment was conducted at the reaction temperature of 200~41$0^{\circ}C$ and the concentratio of acetaldehyde in air at the range of 0.07~0.94 mole% The pretreated metal-PC has been characterized by UV-VIS and XRD analysis. According to this study catalytic activity of metal -PC was improved by air pretreatment at 45$0^{\circ}C$ for 1hr. Under this pretreatment condition Co-PC and Cu($\alpha$)-PC were destroyed and new metal oxides were formed such as Co3O4 and CuO respectively. However Zn-PC retained its basic structure even afte air pretreatment. The order of catalytic activity on acetaldehyde combustion was summarized as follows : Zn-PC$\alpha$)-PC. It was found that the complete combustin of acetaldehyde with Cu($\alpha$)-PC was accomplished at its concentrations below 0.2mole% (32$0^{\circ}C$) and 0.6 mole%(35$0^{\circ}C$) in air.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.694-703
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• 2017

Many residents living near the cement factories are facing unpleasant odors. Thus, various efforts have been attempted to reduce the emission of odorous compounds from the cement manufacturing processes. This study focused on analysis of Acetaldehyde and their dispersion in vicinity of the residential area using theoretical calculation such as numerical simulation and dispersion model. The most significant odor species was acetaldehyde indicating 2 ppb at the test point, and the estimated concentration was similar to the value by Calpuff calculation. The modelling work revealed the emission source of the factory to influence the test site.